Laser synthesis of palladium-alumina composite membranes for production of high purity hydrogen from gasification

This paper describes a special method of laser-based deposition to synthesize palladium-ceramic composite membranes. Thin film Pd was deposited on a ceramic substrate by Nd-YAG laser irradiation of coating precursor PdCl₂ on γ-alumina substrate. The parameters of the laser processing technique were optimized to synthesize metal-ceramic composite membranes. The physical and chemical characteristics of Pd coated γ-alumina membranes were studied and compared with various other alumina membranes referenced in the literature. Hydrogen permeation experiments were performed in a CO + CO₂ + CH₄ + H₂ environment under typical catalytic steam gasifier exit conditions. The Pd-ceramic composite showed good mechanical and thermal stability and resulted in a hydrogen permeability flux of about 0.061 mol/m² s. The activation energy of the Pd membrane was found to be 5.39 kJ/mol in a temperature range of 900-1300 °F.     

混合气气氛下纸浆黑液和钙混合催化剂的催化气化特性

采用热重法在单一和混合催化剂(即3%钙和5%钠-黑液单-催化剂及一种3%钙和5%钠-黑液混合催化剂),温度750℃～950℃及常压条件下对三种高变质无烟煤(福建龙岩、丰海和尤溪煤)研究了混合气气化过程中对碳转化率、气化反应速率及有害污染含硫气体相对量的催化效应.纸浆黑液和钙混合催化剂具有两者的的协同作用,在混合气气化过程中,3%钙和5%钠-黑液混合催化剂可极大地增加碳转化率和气化反应速率系由于该混合催化剂碱性表面化合物[-COM]、[-CO2M]及可交换的钙酚盐和羧酸钙[(-COO)2Ca]的存在加速了反应C 2CO2=2CO和C H2O→CO H2的结果,且这一催化作用比水蒸气气化过程更强烈.通过添加碳酸钙于纸浆黑液催化剂的气化方法,除去促进催化剂功效和增加碳转化率以外,也可达到有效的脱硫作用,但是这一较好的操作温度需低于900℃.     

Effect of MgO promoter on Ni-based SBA-15 catalysts for combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with Ni contents ranging from 5 wt% to 15 wt%, as well as another series of 10%Ni/MgO/SBA-15 catalysts, in which the range of the MgO content was from 1 wt% to 7 wt%, were prepared, and their catalytic performances for the reaction of combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated in a continuous flow microreactor. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using the XRD, H2-TPR and CO2-TPD techniques. The results indicated that the CO selectivity for this reaction was very close to 100%, and the H2/CO ratio of the product gas could be controlled by changing the H2O/CO2 molar ratio of the feed gas. The simultaneous and plentiful existing of steam and CO2 had a significant influence on the catalytic performance of the 10%Ni/SBA-15 catalyst without modification. After reacting at 850 °C for 120 h over this catalyst, the CH4 conversion dropped from 98% to 85%, and the CO2 conversion decreased from 86% to 53%. However, the 10%Ni/3%MgO/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited a much better catalytic performance, and after reacting for 620 h, the CO2 conversion over this catalyst dropped from 92% to around 77%, while the CH4 conversion was not decreased. Oxidation of the Ni0 species as well as carbon deposition during the reaction were the main reasons for the deactivation of the catalyst without modification. On the other hand, modification by the MgO promoter improved the dispersion of the Ni0 species, and enhanced the CO2 adsorption affinity which in turn depressed the occurring of carbon deposition, and thus retarded the deactivation process.     

有机蒙脱土负载镍催化剂上乙醇重整制氢

采用浸渍法制备了有机改性蒙脱土(OMt)负载的Ni/有机蒙脱土(Ni/OMt)催化剂,用于乙醇重整制氢;通过XRD、FT-IR、H₂-TPR、SEM、XPS和氮吸附等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,与未改性的蒙脱土负载的Ni催化剂(Ni/MMT)相比,有机改性可显著提高其比表面积、孔容和金属Ni的分散度,降低碳沉积量,改善Ni/MMT催化剂的稳定性。Ni/OMt催化剂表现出较高的乙醇重整制氢催化性能,在773K下反应30 h,乙醇转化率保持在100%,氢气选择性为70%;而Ni/MMT催化剂在反应10 h即开始失活,碳沉积严重,同时产生副产物乙烯和乙醛。使用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性可促进Ni高分散在MMT层板上,抑制积炭对活性金属Ni包裹,提高其乙醇重整氢气选择性、降低乙烯和乙醛的选择性。     

酸蒸气水热免洗法制备前驱物ZrMo2-xWxO7(OH,Cl)2·2H2O和立方ZrMo2-xWxO8热收缩化合物

采用酸蒸气水热免洗方法合成了立方ZrW2O8类型化合物的系列前驱物ZrMo2-xWxO7(OH, Cl)2·2H2O(x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8), 并由此制备了纯立方相ZrMo2-xWxO8(x=0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8). 提出了用X射线粉末衍射相对积分强度表征有序-无序介稳态晶体有序度的方法, 发现在制备条件下, 随着Mo/W摩尔比的减小, 立方相ZrMo2-xWxO8有序-无序介稳态的饱和有序度增加的规律. 讨论了原料选择以及中间产物的形貌对合成目标产物的影响, 探讨了以铵盐为原料制备前驱物反应的微观过程.     

CeO_2改性Cu/Zn-Al水滑石衍生催化剂对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的影响

采用原位合成法在γ-Al2O3表面合成了锌铝水滑石,再采用顺次浸渍法制备了Ce/Cu/Zn-Al催化材料;将其应用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢,探讨了Ce含量对Cu/Zn-Al催化剂催化性能的影响.催化剂表征结果表明,CeO_2的引入改善了活性组分铜的分散度、铜的比表面积以及催化剂的氧化还原性质,进而提高了催化剂的催化活性和产氢率.当Ce含量为4%时,催化剂活性最佳,在250℃时,甲醇转化率达到100%,CO摩尔分数为0.39%,与Cu/Zn-Al催化剂相比,甲醇转化率提高了近40%.     

负载NiO-Fe2O3的凹凸棒石对生物油模型物催化重整制氢性能的影响

利用共沉淀法,制备一系列在凹凸棒土上负载不同含量的NiO-Fe₂O₃催化剂。以乙酸、乙醇和苯酚的水溶性溶液为生物油模型物,在自制的三段式固定床反应器中,考察了NiO-Fe₂O₃的负载量、反应温度、水碳比(S/C)对生物油模型物重整制氢的影响。结果表明,所获得的氢气产率最高的工艺条件为,在650℃条件下,以水碳比8~10的生物油模型为实验原料,使用自制的50%NiO-50%Fe₂O₃/PG型催化剂,可使气体产物中H₂的相对含量达到最大66.15%。     

脱灰预处理对水稻秸秆物化性/水蒸气气化反应特性的影响

在固定床反应器中研究了水洗、不同浓度酸洗预处理对水稻秸秆物化性/水蒸气气化反应特性的影响。结果表明,水洗处理后稻秆中的钾、钠脱除率分别为90.5%和82.1%,酸洗处理后稻秆中的钾脱除率达到99.2%,而钠脱除率随酸种类略有差异,在84.6%~92.3%;酸洗并未改变稻秆中主要组分含量,但破坏了稻秆微观物理结构。比较不同浓度酸洗后稻秆的孔容、孔径分布、BET比表面积发现,各指标的排列顺序均为水洗稻秆>3%硫酸洗后稻秆>原稻秆>7%硫酸洗后稻秆>10%硫酸洗后稻秆;各种预处理酸的浓度均为3%时,硫酸洗后稻秆的孔容、孔径分布、BET比表面积最大,而磷酸洗后稻秆各指标则最小。水蒸气气化结果表明,钾、钠及丰富的孔径结构均能促进H₂的生成,且钾、钠对气化过程的作用明显强于孔径结构对气化过程的影响。水洗稻秆气化产气中H₂、CO₂的瞬时释放浓度高于酸洗稻秆;CO、CH₄则相反。4种酸的浓度为3%时,稻秆气化中H₂、CO₂瞬时释放浓度与稻秆孔径分布呈正相关性;CO、CH₄瞬时释放浓度则与稻秆孔径分布呈负相关性。4种酸浓度为3%时,孔径越丰富,气化速率越快。脱灰预处理虽降低了稻秆气化氢气产率,但提高了气化气体热值。     

胜利褐煤半焦冷却处理对其微观结构及反应性能的影响

采用不同的冷却方式对胜利褐煤热解"热"半焦进行冷却处理,考查了冷却方式对半焦微观结构及反应性能的影响.利用特制两段新型石英反应器,在高纯氩气、400、600、800 ℃的条件下,对褐煤热解30 min制得的"热"焦,分别浸入室温、干冰及液氮环境中得到冷态半焦,然后在15%水蒸气、900 ℃、10 min的条件下对冷态半焦进行非原位气化反应.为了比较,同样热解条件下制得的"热"半焦不经冷却,通过直接切换反应气氛为15%水蒸气进行原位气化(气化条件与非原位气化相同).利用TGA、SEM、BET和Raman光谱仪对半焦反应性和微观结构进行表征和分析.结果表明,"热"焦的水蒸气原位气化半焦产率低于冷态半焦的非原位气化.冷却处理对半焦的孔结构影响较大,随着冷却速率的增大,半焦比表面积及总孔容积显著降低,但对半焦的化学结构(芳环体系和含氧官能团)的影响非常小.冷却速率越大,半焦的反应性越低,冷态半焦反应性能降低主要由于冷却对半焦孔结构造成的不可逆转的破坏.