Quenching of Flame Propagation with Heat Loss

The steady propagation of a planar laminar premixed flame, with a one-step exothermic reaction and linear heat loss, is studied. The corresponding travelling wave equations are solved numerically. The dependence of the flame velocity on the heat loss parameter is determined and compared with known results obtained by asymptotic expansion and other approximations. Due to the introduction of an ignition temperature the problem can be reduced to a bounded interval (of length L) and the graph of flame speed versus heat loss parameter can be parametrised by L. The numerical method is tested in the case of a step function nonlinearity when the exact solution of the differential equations can also be calculated.     

Finite element investigation of the ground states of the helium trimers 4He3 and 4He2–3He

A three‐dimensional finite element method is applied to the ground states of the symmetric and asymmetric atomic helium trimers ⁴He₃ and ⁴He₂–³He. Three different He–He interaction potentials of hard‐core nature were studied. Two extrapolation procedures based on the convergence properties of the finite element method are investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

N2O-C2H2火焰原子吸收光谱法测试羰基镍粉中的钙

运用N2O-C2H2火焰原子吸收光谱法测定羰基镍粉中的钙.对方法的火焰条件、酸介质、灯电流与燃烧器高度等进行了试验.试验结果表明,用该方法对样品钙含量进行分析,分析结果的相对标准偏差均小于1.0%(n=6);加标回收率为97.0%～99.0%(n=6).该方法满足实验室的仪器分析质量控制要求.     

Stab-Resistant Performance of the Well-Engineered Soft Body Armor Materials Using Shear Thickening Fluid

Stab-resistant body armor can effectively prevent sharp instruments from attacking the protected parts and reduce the threat to human bodies. Shear thickening fluid (STF) is a kind of smart material with variable viscosity and its viscosity can change significantly with external stimuli. The soft and adaptive characteristics of STF provide a new idea for improving the performance of stab-proof materials. In this work, three kinds of soft anti-stabbing materials were designed and prepared with aramid, poly–p–phenylene benzodioxazole (PBO), and carbon fiber fabrics impregnated with STF. Quasi-static puncture tests and dynamic impact tests were conducted to compare the performance of different anti-stabbing structures. The results showed that the peak piercing force of the STF-treated fabrics in the puncture testing was greatly increased than that of neat samples. Against the D2 knife, the maximum impact load of STF/PBO fiber fabric was increased from 55.8 N to 72.9 N, increasing by 30.6%. Against the D3 spike, the maximum impact load of STF/aramid fabric was increased from 128.9 N to 254.7 N, increasing by 197.6%. The mechanical properties of fibers were important factors for the resistance to knives, and the fabric structure was the key point to bear the spike. Optical photographs of fabric fractures and scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that the STF effectively limited the slip of the fiber bundle when the tool penetrated the fabric, which played a positive role in maintaining the tightness and integrity of the fabric structure.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定红花中的Cu 、Fe、Zn

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法和表面增敏的方法测定了红花中Cu、Fe、Zn的含量。实验表明,使用表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),可使Zn的吸光度增感34.91%,使Cu增感37.39%,Fe增感232.10%。该法的检测限分别为Zn1.85×10-3μg/mL;Fe1.50×10-2μg/mL;Cu3.50×10-2μg/mL,加标回收率在99.37%~104.23%之间。该法灵敏度高,结果准确,可用于红花等中草药中Cu、Fe、Zn的同时测定。     

In Vitro and In Vivo Human Body Odor Analysis Method Using GO:PANI/ZNRs/ZIF−8 Adsorbent Followed by GC/MS

Among various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from human skin, trans-2-nonenal, benzothiazole, hexyl salicylate, α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, and isopropyl palmitate are key indicators associated with the degrees of aging. In our study, extraction and determination methods of human body odor are newly developed using headspace-in needle microextraction (HS-INME). The adsorbent was synthesized with graphene oxide:polyaniline/zinc nanorods/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (GO:PANI/ZNRs/ZIF−8). Then, a wire coated with the adsorbent was placed into the adsorption kit to be directly exposed to human skin as in vivo sampling and inserted into the needle so that it was able to be desorbed at the GC injector. The adsorption kit was made in-house with a 3D printer. For the in vitro method, the wire coated with the adsorbent was inserted into the needle and exposed to the headspace of the vial. When a cotton T-shirt containing body odor was transferred to a vial, the headspace of the vial was saturated with body odor VOCs. After volatile organic compounds were adsorbed in the dynamic mode, the needle was transferred to the injector for analysis of the volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The conditions of adsorbent fabrication and extraction for body odor compounds were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). In conclusion, it was able to synthesize GO:PANI/ZNRs/ZIF−8 at the optimal condition and applicable to both in vivo and in vitro methods for body odor VOCs analysis.     

半挂货车内轮差问题改善设想

基于降低货车内轮差安全隐患的考虑,根据已有的研究成果对半挂车内轮差问题改善方向提出设想,基于刚体运动学原理提出具体改进方案,导出转弯时半挂车运动轨迹方程,运用Matlab软件从理论上进行了验证。     

预点火湍流对正戊烷云雾爆炸参数的影响

以正戊烷云雾为研究对象,进行预点火湍流对云雾爆炸参数影响规律的实验研究。首先通过不同气动压力进行喷雾,获得平均特征直径（SMD）分别为 21.21、14.51 和 8.64 μm 的正戊烷云雾,并得到不同气动压力预点火的湍流均方根速度;随后在 20 L 云雾爆炸参数测量系统中实验获得预点火湍流对正戊烷云雾蒸发速率、爆炸超压峰值、压力上升速率和火焰传播延迟时间的影响。结果表明：(1) 对于圆柱形罐体对称式双喷头分散系统,流场环境可近似认定为零平均速率湍流场;在0.4、0.6和0.8 MPa的气动压力喷雾50 ms的分散作用下,在100～250 ms内,湍流均方根速度在1.0～6.2 m/s范围内,平均湍流积分尺度在40～72 mm范围内,湍流最大湍流尺度的雷诺数在8 000～15 000范围内,柯尔莫哥洛夫微尺度在0.03～0.1 mm范围内;(2) 对于较小的液滴群,随湍流强度的增加,液滴群的蒸发速率有更为明显的提升;(3) 对比云雾三种SMD,粒径8.64 μm的超压峰值与最大压力上升速率随湍流强度增长趋势更显著,并发生爆炸强度显著提升现象,即存在“转变区域”（transition range）现象;(4) 对于SMD在8～22 μm范围内,湍流均方根速度处于1.0～4.0 m/s时为火焰传播延迟时间的低增长阶段,湍流均方根速度处于4.0～6.2 m/s时为火焰传播延迟时间的高增长阶段,湍流强度与火焰传播延迟时间在相应的两个湍流强度阶段范围内呈线性增长。

     

泡沫铜对密闭管道内合成气爆炸特性影响的实验研究

为研究泡沫铜孔隙密度和H₂体积分数对合成气爆炸特性的影响,在封闭的管道中安装了孔隙密度为15、25和40 ppi的泡沫铜,实验分析了当量比为1的合成气-空气在不同H₂体积分数时的火焰结构、尖端速度和超压等参数变化规律。实验结果表明：火焰在泡沫铜上游的行为是受“郁金香”火焰形成过程的影响,泡沫铜对其没有影响。但是孔隙密度和H₂体积分数的改变不仅会影响“郁金香”火焰的形成时间,还会影响变形“郁金香”火焰的形成。泡沫铜将火焰分割促使其从层流向湍流转化,对爆炸火焰传播起到加速作用。泡沫铜会引起管道内超压和火焰尖端速度的极大提升,且孔隙密度越小,H₂体积分数越大,火焰穿过泡沫铜后的最大火焰尖端速度越大,压力上升幅度越大,超压峰值越高。

     

Flame-Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites with the Incorporation of Steel Slag/Dimelamine Pyrophosphate System: A New Strategy for Utilizing Metallurgical Solid Waste

Rigid polyurethane (RPUF) was widely used in external wall insulation materials due to its good thermal insulation performance. In this study, a series of RPUF and RPUF-R composites were prepared using steel slag (SS) and dimelamine pyrophosphate (DMPY) as flame retardants. The RPUF composites were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry (CCT), and thermogravimetric infrared coupling (TG-FTIR). The results showed that the LOI of the RPUF-R composites with DMPY/SS loading all reached the combustible material level (22.0 vol%~27.0 vol%) and passed UL-94 V0. RPUF-3 with DMPY/SS system loading exhibited the lowest pHRR and THR values of 134.9 kW/m² and 16.16 MJ/m², which were 54.5% and 42.7% lower than those of unmodified RPUF, respectively. Additionally, PO· and PO₂· free radicals produced by pyrolysis of DMPY could capture high energy free radicals, such as H·, O·, and OH·, produced by degradation of RPUF matrix, effectively blocking the free radical chain reaction of composite materials. The metal oxides in SS reacted with the polymetaphosphoric acid produced by the pyrolysis of DMPY in combustion. It covered the surface of the carbon layer, significantly insulating heat and mass transport in the combustion area, endowing RPUF composites with excellent fire performance. This work not only provides a novel strategy for the fabrication of high-performance RPUF composites, but also elucidates a method of utilizing metallurgical solid waste.