Improved oxygen delivery in a continuous-roller-bottle reactor

Variations to the original aeration system in a continuous roller bottle reactor of novel design have been tested and compared for optimal oxygen (O) delivery. Reactor operating parameters that affect O transfer are rotation rate, liquid-volume level, fresh-feed rate, and supplementary-aeration rate. Design modifications to enhance gas-liquid O transfer include the addition of wall baffles and center baffles. The number and location of each of these baffles are compared for their effect on k_La values in the reaction chamber. The liquid feed into the system has been modified to improve the axial liquid mixing and O transfer.     

Intermolecular contact interactions and their temperature dependence

A model, based on inverse gas chromatography experiments, has been developed for intermolecular interaction and its temperature dependence. The model ascribes to each substance a four-component solubility parameter; the four components reflect the van der Waals, polar, electron donor, and electron acceptor interactive properties. Their values depend on temperature in the same manner as does the cohesive energy. The latter was found to depend only on the critical temperature, the acentric factor, and the reduced temperature. The model was used for evaluation of the solubility parameters from polymer-solvent interaction coefficients and their temperature dependence with high accuracy. For binary solventsolvent mixtures, the free energy of mixing and its temperature dependence, as well as enthalpy of mixing can be derived from this model with a good accuracy.     

苯并[b]萘并[2'''',3'''':5,6][1,4]二噻英并[2,3-i]噻蒽-5,7,9,14,16,18-六酮的合成及其三阶非线性光学性能

以1,4-萘醌为原料,合成了含硫的醌构稠杂环化合物苯并[b]萘并[2',3':5,6][1,4]二噻英并[2,3-i]噻蒽-5,7,9,14,16,18-六酮(4),其结构经1H NMR和IR确证.采用波长为800 nm,脉宽为80 fs的Ti:Sapphire飞秒激光,运用双光束简并四波混频法测定了4的三阶非线性光学性能,结果表明,4的三阶非线性光学极化率χ(3),非线性折射率n2,分子二阶超极化率γ和响应时间分别为2.89×10-13 esu, 5.31×10-12 esu, 3.14×10-31 esu和101 fs.并分析了4的分子结构对其三阶非线性光学性能的影响.     

Distribution of Helium Isotopes in Western Pacific Upper Layer

3He/4He ratios in samples of sea water obtained at depths from surface to 300 m in the upper layer of the Western Pacific Ocean were measured by a mass spectrometer VG5400. The lateral and vertical distribution of He isotopes in the studied area was discussed in detail on the basis of 3He/4He ratios. Excess and depleted 3He. in relation to δ3He value of surface water in equilibrium with air has been discussed in the area, which may be mainly attributed to the incorporation of the North Pacific Intermediate Water with the Equatorial Upwelling and the exchange of water masses between the South China Sea and the Western Pacific, respectively. The present work in Western Pacific has also indicated that He isotopes may be used as a tracer for mixing processes of water masses and oceanic circulation.     

Ion interaction approach to calculations of volumetric properties of aqueous multiple-solute electrolyte solutions

The ion interaction approach developed by Pitzer was used for the prediction of volumetric properties of mixed electrolyte solutions at 25°C based on parameters calculated from experimental data for single-solute electrolyte solutions. Such an approach was shown to be especially effective for application to the calculation of volumetric properties of natural hypersaline brines and of industrial electrolyte solutions of large complexity. The use of the latest recommended sets of volumetric ion interaction parameters for single electrolyte solutions and symmetrical mixing parameters for Na–K–Cl ion combinations considerably improved the precision of the density calculations of highly concentrated mixed electrolyte solutions and of various natural waters.     

Excess and partial excess molar volumes of mixing of N,N-dibutyl-2-ethylhexamide with dodecanol

Excess and excess partial molar volumes of mixing of the system N,N-dibutyl-2-ethylhexylamide (DBEHA) + dodecanol (DDA) were determined at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65°C. The excess molar volumes exhibit a maxima at each temperature at approximatelyx _DBEHA = 0.3 and a minima close tox _DBEHA = 0.9. The values of the excess volumes in general increase with the temperature. The partial excess molar volumes are calculated from the smoothed data and the results are discussed in the light of postulated amide-alcohol interactions.     

Small angle X-ray scattering investigations of thermodynamic properties of fluid mixtures

Absolute small angle X-ray studies of concentration fluctuations were performed in order to determine thermodynamic properties of a model blend, consisting ofn-hexane and perfluoro-n-hexane. The quantities which we determined were the second derivate of the Gibbs free energy of mixing with respect to the concentration of the components, the location of the spinodal, interaction and solubility parameters, the energy gradient density coefficient as well as the correlation length of the fluctuations at various compositions and temperatures, particularly in the neighbourhood of the spinodal and the critical point. The data obtained were compared with those obtainable from the well known location of the binodal, to test the reliability of the scattering method.     

Thermodynamics of mixed electrolyte solutions. XI. An isopiestic study of the quaternary system NaCl−KCl−CaCl2−H2O at 25°C

Osmotic and activity coefficients in the aqueous quaternary system sodium chloride-potassium chloride-calcium chloride were derived from isopiestic measurements at 25°C. The isopiestic data were treated by the various procedures of Scatchard, Friedman, and Reilly, Wood, and Robinson. The results obtained showed good agreement with those obtained by pseudo-ternary transforms. Interaction parameters obtained indicated the preponderance of pairwise interactions. Excess Gibbs free energies of mixing were calculated.     

Seawater—A test of multicomponent electrolyte solution theories. II. Enthalpy of mixing and dilution of the major sea salts

In a continuing effort to predict the physicochemical properties of seawater from the properties of single aqueous electrolyte solutions, the pairwise heats of mixing at constant molal ionic strength,I=1.0 ional, have been determined for the six possible pairs of salts from the set (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, MgCl₂, MgSO₄) at 30°C. In addition, heats of dilution for two aqueous solutions formed from these salts and havingI=1.0 ional have been determined at 30°C. In order to present the most thermodynamically consistent results, it was found necessary to apply a correction term to the relative apparent equivalent enthalpies given in the literature at 30°C. These correction terms derived from a consideration of published results on heats of dilution at very low concentrations. Further, in order to make predictions for seawater at 25°C, it was deemed desirable to refit existing heat-capacity data. The heats relative apparent equivalent enthalpies for the two mixtures mentioned as well as for seawater. The estimates are based on the theoretical equation of Reilly and Wood for charge-asymmetric mixtures which derives from the work of Friedman. In the most applicable cases, the estimates agree with experimental relative apparent equivalent enthalpies to within 5%. In general, the results substantiate the theoretical equation.Taken in part from the Ph.D. dissertation of W. H. Leung, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149.     

Analytic study of power spectra of the tent maps near band-splitting transitions

Successive band-splitting transitions occur in the one-dimensional map x_i+1=g(x_i),i=0, 1, 2,... withg(x)=x, (0 x 1/2) –x +, (1/2 <x 1) as the parameter is changed from 2 to 1. The transition point fromN (=2ⁿ) bands to 2Nbands is given by=(2)^1/N (n=0, 1,2,...). The time-correlation function _i=x_ix₀/(x₀)²,x_i x_i–x_i is studied in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Frobenius-Perron operator of the map. It is shown that, near the transition point=2, _i–[(10–42)/17] _i,0-[(102-8)/51]_i,1 + [(7 + 42)/17](–1)ⁱe^–yi, where2(–2) is the damping constant and vanishes at=2, representing the critical slowing-down. This critical phenomenon is in strong contrast to the topologically invariant quantities, such as the Lyapunov exponent, which do not exhibit any anomaly at=2. The asymptotic expression for _i has been obtained by deriving an analytic form of _i for a sequence of which accumulates to 2 from the above. Near the transition point=(2)^1/N, the damping constant of _i fori N is given by _N=2(^N-2)/N. Numerical calculation is also carried out for arbitrary a and is shown to be consistent with the analytic results.