Micro traps for quantum information processing and precision force sensing

We review recent experimental progress towards quantum information processing and precision force sensing using neutral atoms in micro traps. Microscopic potential structures as generated by optical or electronic microstructures (micro traps) allow for a versatile manipulation of quantum states of atoms and of ultracold atomic quantum gases. Most recent experimental results include the implementation of single‐qubit‐operations in both, optical and magnetic micro traps, as well as in the demonstration of matter‐wave interferometer using Bose‐Einstein condensates coherently split in micro traps.     

Cohesive-zone laws for void growth — I. Experimental field projection of crack-tip crazing in glassy polymers

A hybrid framework for inverse analysis of crack-tip cohesive-zone model is developed in this two-part paper to measure cohesive-zone laws of void growth in polymers by combining analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. This paper focuses on experimental measurements of the cohesive-zone laws for two nonlinear fracture processes in glassy polymers, namely multiple crazing in crack-growth toughening of rubber-toughened high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and crazing of steady-state crack growth in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) under a methanol environment. To this end, electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is first applied to measure the crack-tip displacement fields surrounding the fracture process zones in these polymers. These fields are subsequently equilibrium smoothed and used in the extraction of the cohesive-zone laws via an analytical solution method of the inverse problem, the planar field projection method (P-FPM) [Hong, S., Kim, K.-S., 2003. Extraction of cohesive-zone laws from elastic far-fields of a cohesive crack tip: a field projection method. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 51, 1267-1286]. Results show that the proposed framework of the P-FPM could provide a systematic way of finding the shape of the cohesive-zone laws governed by the different micro-mechanisms in the fracture processes. In HIPS, inter-particle multiple crazing develops and the craze zone broadens ahead of a crack-tip under mechanical loading. The corresponding cohesive-zone relationship of the multiple-craze zone is found to be highly convex, which indicates effectiveness of rubber particle toughening. It is also observed that the effective peak traction, 7 MPa, in the crack-tip cohesive zone of HIPS (30% rubber content) is lower than the uniaxial yield stress of 9 MPa, presumably due to stress multi-axiality effects. In contrast, in PMMA, methanol localizes the crack-tip craze, weakening the craze traction for craze-void initiation to about 9 MPa and the fibril pull-out stress to less than 6 MPa. This reduction in cohesive traction, coupled with a strongly concave traction-separation cohesive-zone relationship, signifies environmental embrittlement of PMMA. These experimentally determined cohesive-zone laws are compared with detailed numerical analyses of effective microscale-void growth ahead of a crack tip in Part II.     

Two-pion interferometry for a partially coherent evolution source

We give the formulas of two-pion Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) correlation function for a partially coherent evolution pion-emitting source,using quantum probability amplitudes in a path-integral formalism.The multiple scattering of the particles in the source is taken into consideration based on Glauber scattering theory.Two-pion interferometry with effects of the multiple scattering and source collective expansion is examined for a partially coherent source of hadronic gas with a finite baryon density and evolving hydrodynamically.We do not find observable effect of either the multiple scattering or the source collective expansion on HBT chaotic parameter.     

Opto-electronic displacement gauge based on speckle interferometer

Modern technology demands precise distance measurements. People have used many phenomena for this purpose but there is always a need for less expensive and more reliable devices. In this paper we present a simple opto-electronic distance measurement gauge based on the phenomenon of speckling phenomenon. In the proposed setup we substitute diffraction gratings, which are commonly used in displacement gauges, with a rough surface. When illuminated by a coherent and monochromatic beam the surface scatters light to form a speckle field, whose intensity variations are read by one or more detectors. These changes are related to displacement of the rough surface and, therefore, can be utilized for displacement measurements. The presented setup has some important advantages over the grating approach: lower mechanical tolerances on parts and being based directly on the wavelength of light instead of the period of a grating. Also, it is less expensive, so can offer a viable solution for medium accuracy distance measurements.     

基于图像处理技术的数字散斑照相

提出一种新的数字散斑照相计量方法,该方法研究将ＣＣＤ和计算机相结合,在自然光照下了对被测量物体照相,通过一种快的图像处理,直接提取物体变形信息。突破光测的激光照明及傅里叶变换模式,实现光测量技术真正自动化。     

纵向运动双散射散斑场的动态特性研究

研究了慢纵向运动双散射散斑场的统计性质,得出纵向运动双散射散斑振幅自相关函数、强度涨落自相关函数,并由此得出,夫朗和费衍射区内的接收平在上任意点上的自相关函数是时间的非平稳随机过程,而在光轴附近小区域内,强度涨落自相关函数是时间的平稳随机过程,相关时间与散射体纵向运动速度或反比,理论和实验结果相一致。     

Phase Measurement Algorithm without Phase unwrapping Problem for Phase stepping interferometry

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＰｈａｓｅｓｔｅｐｐｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｏｍｅｔｒｙｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙａｓｐｅｃｔｓ．Ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｐｈａｓｅｕｎｗｒａｐｐｉｎｇｉｓｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｅｄｂｙｔｈ...     

LLL型X射线干涉仪中的晶片厚度的最佳选择

要实现Ｘ射线干涉测量,关键是Ｍｏｉｒｅ条纹要有良好的对比度,接收信号要有足够的强度。影响Ｍｏｉｒｅ条纹对比度及信号强度的因素很多,仅对通过优化干涉仪中晶片的尺寸实现Ｍｏｉｒｅ条纹高对比度及信号高强度的方法进行了理论分析。     

General Phase-stepping Algorithm Using Lissajous Figures Technique

A new phase-stepping algorithm is proposed, the algorithm can be implemented without knowing or calculating the phase steps. New phase extraction expressions based on using Lissajous figures and ellipse fitting are derived by introducing a simple difference transform for the intensity of the interferograms. The simulating results indicate that the new algorithm is insensitive to phase-stepping errors and the accuracy of the new algorithm is only limited by the computation truncation errors.     

光测条纹图处理中免除噪声的正则化条纹法

在光测条纹图自动处理研究领域内有许多不同种类的处理方法,免除噪声的正则化条纹法,或称纯条纹灰度法,是有效的方法之一。本文综述了作者提出的免除噪声正则化条纹法的原理和多种方法。然后对广义旋滤波进行了改进,用于消除 Ｅ Ｓ Ｐ Ｉ图的散斑噪声,并且不损害条纹信号分布。实验表明本方法具有良好的结果和前景。