Finite element modelling of natural-convection-controlled change of phase

The problem of phase change in the presence of natural convection has been investigated. A model has been proposed based on the treatment of the release/absorption of latent heat as a heat source/sink in combination with the standard Galerkin finite element method with a primitive variable formulation on a fixed grid. To demonstrate the capabilities of the model, three cases of phase change of an aluminium alloy in the presence of natural convection arc considered, i.e. solidification, melting and combined solidification and melting. The solidification of water in a square cavity is modelled as another example, taking into account the density extremum, and the results are compared with a previously published work.     

Mode Localization Induced by a Nonlinear Control Loop

We present the analysis of a nonlinear controlsystem that is used to excite and maintain a specified amplitude ofoscillation in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory vibratory gyroscope.This experimental application shows that nonlinear localizationthrough active means can be implemented in a practical system when itis desirable to confine the response to a favorable mode. Theclosed-loop system response predicted by the model shows very closeagreement with the experimental results for a significant range ofcontroller parameters. We also experimentally demonstrate that theactively localized motion is eliminated through bifurcation, similarto what was observed in previous passive localization studies appliedto extended flexible oscillators.     

膜进样质谱技术及其应用

膜进样质谱（MIMS）具有简单、快速和高灵敏等优点,在现场检测中的应用日益广泛。该技术利用半透膜将目标化合物从复杂的气相、液相体系中选择性分离后进入质谱进行分析检测。由于其可在不经色谱分离和样品前处理条件下实现复杂实际样品的分析,特别适合于现场应用。该文综述了膜进样质谱的原理和主要组成,重点论述了膜进样-单光子软电离质谱方面的技术进展以及膜进样质谱在环境、生态学、生命科学、生物等领域的应用进展。最后,对膜进样质谱今后的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

Pulsed,Crossed, Supersonic Molecular Beam Studies of Refractory Atom Reactions

Dynamics of refractory atom reactions have been studied with a crossed beam apparatus combining two pulsed, supersonic molecular beam sources, a pulsed UV laser for creating the refractory atoms in the gas phase by laser ablation, and a pulsed dye laser to probe the reaction products by laser-induced fluorescence. Examples of the A1(²P_j) + O₂(X³∑_g)→ A10(X²∑⁺) + O(³P_j), Mg(¹S_o) + N₂O(X¹∑⁺) → MgO(X¹∑⁺,a³Π) + N₂(X¹∑_g⁺) andC(³P_j) + NO(X²Π_r) → CN(X²∑⁺) + 0(³P_j) systems are given. Comparisons with the studies performed using the conventional steady-state beam approach are made.     

燃料电池技术发展现状与展望

燃料电池是一种高效、清洁的电化学发电装置,近年来得到国内外普遍重视.本文详细阐述了燃料电池的近期研究进展与未来面临的挑战及发展方向。燃料电池在宇宙飞船、航天飞机、潜艇动力源已经得到应用;在汽车、电站及便携式电源等民用领域展现了成功的示范,但低成本、长寿命仍然是商业化面临的瓶颈问题.未来我国应大力推进燃料电池在水下潜器、航天飞行器等特殊领域的应用,解决高可靠性与安全性及环境适应性等关键问题;同时,在民用领域要实现燃料电池寿命与成本兼顾,从材料、部件及系统等3个层次深入技术改进与创新,尽快推进燃料电池的商业化.     

Nature of the Ga-Ga bonding in Na2[Arx*GaGaArx*]（Arx*=C6H3 -2,6-（C6H5）2）:Electron localization function analysis

The nature of the Ga-Ga bonding in Na2[Arx*GaGaArx*](Arx* = C6H3-2,6-(C6H5)2) has been investigated and compared with that of in H2[Arx*GaGaArx*] using electron localization function(ELF) and orbital analysis.The calculation results show that in Na2[Arx*GaGaArx*],the Ga-Ga interaction is a non-classical triple bond,the heart of Na2[Arx*GaGaArx*] is the Ga2Na2 cluster rather than a simple Ga-Ga bond,and the contribution of the sodium atoms to the short Ga-Ga bond length is considerable.As the two sodium atoms are substituted by two hydrogen atoms,the Ga-Ga bond is replaced by two 3-center,2-electron(3c-2e) Ga-H-Ga covalent bridged bonding.     

SPME/GC-MS鉴别地沟油新方法(Ⅱ)

采用固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱(SPME/GC-MS)方法测定地沟油中的微量杂质成分,通过对各种纯正植物油中的内源性微量成分与不同地区地沟油中的外源性杂质成分的对比分析,以及对地沟油中杂质成分来源的分析,确定了广州、贵州、深圳、北京等地区地沟油的特征成分,并作为鉴别指示成分。该方法灵敏度高、特征性强,在卫生部组织的地沟油检测盲样考核中,对阳性样品判断的准确率高达95.5%。     

3-脱氢莽草酸甲酯与肼类化合物反应的选择性

以可再生生物质资源莽草酸为原料, 在经酯化和2-碘酰基苯甲酸(IBX)氧化制得3-脱氢莽草酸甲酯的基础上, 研究了在不同反应溶剂中和不同反应温度下, 3-脱氢莽草酸甲酯分别与水合肼、 乙酰肼、 苯肼和乙酰胺选择性地得到非芳构化、 部分芳构化和芳构化产物的反应. 该方法具有选择性高、 操作简单和条件温和等优点, 为可再生非粮生物质资源莽草酸的利用提供了一种新的思路.     

CeO2(110)负载Au纳米颗粒催化CO+NOx反应的DFT+U研究

通过在位库伦校正的密度泛函理论（DFT+U）方法计算,我们研究了CO和NO_x分子在Au负载CeO₂（110）表面的吸附. 结果表明,CO在Au纳米颗粒的顶位有很强的吸附能,大约为1.2 eV,而NO在Au纳米颗粒上或者Au与CeO₂载体界面处都是弱吸附. 然而,当NO_x在界面处形成N₂O₂二聚体之后,通过断裂末端的N-O键能够有效地被降解. 纵观整个反应过程,第一步CO+N₂O₂的反应遵循了Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理,活化能只有0.4 eV,通过形成ONNOCO的中间物种最终产生N₂O和CO₂. 不同的是,第二步消除N₂O反应遵循了Eley-Rideal碰撞机理,需要相当高的能垒,约为1.8 eV. 通过进一步分析表明,稀土Ce元素独特的电子特性能够使电子从Au上转移并且局域到载体表面的Ce阳离子上,并且有助于形成带负电的N₂O₂分子. 而且Au纳米颗粒有很强的结构流动性,能够促进吸附的CO分子靠近界面处的N₂O₂并与之反应.     

Flow properties of a dusty-gas point source in a supersonic free stream

By using Lagrangian method, the flow properties of a dusty-gas point source in a supersonic free stream were studied and the particle parameters in the near-symmetry-axis region were obtained . It is demonstrated that fairly inertial particles travel along oscillating and intersecting trajectories between the bow and termination shock waves . In this region, formation of " mufti- layer structure" in panicle distribution with alternating low- and high density layers is revealed. Moreover, sharp accumulation of particles occurs near the envelopes of particle trajectories .