基于可见光谱的古代壁画颜料无损鉴别方法

矿物颜料是古代壁画显色的物质基础,其可见光谱反映自身物质和物理属性。不同颜料对可见光吸收特性的差异导致光谱曲线形状不同,同一种颜料因粒径等级差异引起光谱曲线幅值的规律性变化。依据矿物颜料上述特性,提出一种基于可见光谱的古代壁画颜料无损鉴别方法,通过光谱归一化方法实现不同粒径等级的同一颜料光谱曲线叠合,去除颜料粒径等级对光谱曲线幅值变化的影响,然后提取表征光谱曲线在各波段增减性和凹凸性的一阶与二阶导数特征,与光谱曲线组合得到颜料物质属性鉴别的光谱组合特征空间,以光谱角和欧式距离为基础构建评价指标,计算待鉴别颜料与数据库参考样本在光谱特征空间中的匹配误差(ME),实现颜料物质属性的鉴别。通过构建矿物颜料平均粒径大小和光谱反射率均值之间关系函数,实现颜料平均粒径大小的鉴别。基于构建的古代壁画常用颜料光谱数据库,以莫高窟壁画为对象,通过非接触式原位无损测量方法测量获得壁画颜料的可见光谱数据,对本文方法进行了验证,并以石绿和青金石颜料的鉴别结果为例,对古代壁画颜料使用技法、不同朝代颜料使用的差异性及原因进行了探讨。该方法将为更加全面深入研究和保护古代壁画提供有效的理论与方法支撑。     

Approximate chemical analysis of volcanic glasses using Raman spectroscopy

The effect of chemical composition on the Raman spectra of a series of natural calcalkaline silicate glasses has been quantified by performing electron microprobe analyses and obtaining Raman spectra on glassy filaments (~450 µm) derived from a magma mingling experiment. The results provide a robust compositionally‐dependent database for the Raman spectra of natural silicate glasses along the calcalkaline series. An empirical model based on both the acquired Raman spectra and an ideal mixing equation between calcalkaline basaltic and rhyolitic end‐members is constructed enabling the estimation of the chemical composition and degree of polymerization of silicate glasses using Raman spectra. The model is relatively insensitive to acquisition conditions and has been validated using the MPI‐DING geochemical standard glasses 1 as well as further samples. The methods and model developed here offer several advantages compared with other analytical and spectroscopic methods such as infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, electron and ion microprobe analyses, inasmuch as Raman spectroscopy can be performed with a high spatial resolution (1 µm²) without the need for any sample preparation as a nondestructive technique. This study represents an advance in efforts to provide the first database of Raman spectra for natural silicate glasses and yields a new approach for the treatment of Raman spectra, which allows us to extract approximate information about the chemical composition of natural silicate glasses using Raman spectroscopy. We anticipate its application in handheld in situ terrestrial field studies of silicate glasses under extreme conditions (e.g. extraterrestrial and submarine environments). © 2015 The Authors Journal of Raman Spectroscopy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

传声器阵列对高频弱声源的声成像识别方法

研究了传声器阵列对高频弱声源的识别定位方法。该方法根据高频声源的指向性和阵列探测特性等特点,提出了利用信噪比加权方法提高有效阵元对声成像的贡献,根据信噪比的大小对每个阵元添加不同的权值,可以显著提高传声器阵列对高频弱声源的声像清晰度。仿真分析了阵元加权和不加权两种方法对阵列声成像结果的影响,以某型号笔记本电脑电路板噪声为对象进行的实验表明,在阵列测量中充分利用有效阵元信号可以实现对声压级低达10~20dB的微弱噪声源的精确测量。     

识别运动声源随机阵列生成法研究

针对随机阵列结构设计方面欠缺高效的生成方法这一问题,在保证阵列对声源识别精度的前提下,提出一种在极坐标下用于识别运动声源的随机阵列生成方法。根据声阵列识别运动声源的原理,推导了非等间距基本同轴圆环的半径,再通过降列分区、极坐标下条件筛选和模拟评价三个步骤,生成适用于识别运动声源的目标随机阵列,最后进行数值模拟和运动汽车噪声源识别实验进行验证。研究结果表明,用该方法能够高效地生成目标随机阵列,与常用规则阵列相比具有更良好的声源识别特性,并且具有准确的运动声源识别性能。     

三维荧光光谱结合Zernike图像矩快速鉴别掺伪芝麻油

为了实现对掺伪芝麻油的快速鉴别,应用FS920荧光光谱仪测定样品的三维荧光光谱数据。将三维荧光光谱图视为灰度图,在没有任何预处理的前提下,直接应用Zernike图像矩提取三维光谱灰度图的特征信息,然后采用类平均法对特征信息进行聚类分析,从定性角度实现掺伪芝麻油的鉴别,并解析其组成成分。最后应用广义回归神经网络(GRNN)对掺伪样本的成分进行定量分析。聚类分析能够以很高的辨识率来识别掺伪芝麻油,并能够正确解析其组成成分。定量模型预测了2组掺伪样本中各成分的相对体积,其平均相对误差分别为2.23%,8.00%,9.70%和9.70%。分析结果表明,Zernike矩能够有效提取光谱的特征信息,光谱数据的Zernike矩特征结合聚类分析以及GRNN模型能够获得良好的定性和定量分析结果,为掺伪芝麻油的鉴别提供了一种新的方法。     

用近场声学测量信息可视化多个三维障碍物的一种快速算法

提出了用点声源散射场的近场信息来可视化多个三维障碍物的一种简单快速算法,它是通过利用一个线性方程组的解的三维等值线图来实现这种可视化的.这个算法的一个特别吸引人的性质是,它避开了迭代技术的应用,而且不需要关于障碍物的任何几何和物理的先验信息.此外,它只需要散射场在测量表面的某个有限范围中若干个观测点处的近场测量信息,就能得到障碍物的一个很理想的可视化.数值算例保证了这个可视化算法是有效和实用的 关键词： 声散射 反问题 物形反演     

激光烧蚀脉冲放电激发的土壤等离子体电子数密度和温度的研究

以激光烧蚀快脉冲放电激发土壤为例,研究了激光烧蚀快脉冲放电等离子体技术产生的土壤等离子体的电子数密度和温度。根据实验测得的Si原子和离子谱线的强度和萨哈玻尔兹曼方程,计算了等离子体的电子温度,并从分析Si I 250.69nm谱线的斯塔克展宽中导出了等离子体的电子数密度。与使用同样激光能量激发的激光等离子体相比,激光烧蚀快脉冲放电激发等离子体的电子数密度和温度都明显增加,与观察到的光谱信号强度是一致的。     

一类热传导问题源项识别的快速稳定算法

利用正算子的性质和Lax-Milgram定理,将一维热传导方程源项识别问题转化为适定的、第二类Volterra方程的求解,给出一个新的快速稳定算法,并进行理论分析.采用两种实现后验准则的新途径,在输入数据的误差水平已知和未知的情况下,快速地决定正则参数.数值实验证实了算法的有效性.     

Perspective methods of human identification: Ear biometrics

Geometrical methods of feature extraction from ear images in order to perform human identification are presented. Geometrical approach is motivated by the actual procedures used by police and forensic experts (so-called ear otoscopy). In their work, geometrical features of ears such as size, height, width, and shapes of earlobe are useful and valid proofs of identity. The contribution of the article is development of the new and original methods of geometrical feature extraction from 2D ear images. Four novel algorithms of ear feature extraction from contour images are described in detail. Moreover, identification results obtained for each of the methods, based on the distance of feature vectors in the feature space, are presented.     

Identification and spectra–structure determination of soil minerals: Raman study supported by IR spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction

Raman and IR spectroscopy were used for the characterization of several minerals in morphologically similar vertisol sequences from Kiževak (Serbia). It helped us to establish the surface layer transition going from calcic vertisols (containing gypsum and calcite) to calcimagnesic vertisols (containing aragonite, magnesium‐calcite and dolomite) derived from peridotite and serpentinite. The observed band positions are found to be solely characteristic for each carbonate mineral and are used to discuss the main structural features of carbonates and sulfates present in the studied soil. It was found that the dolomite, calcite and aragonite concretions are present in the deepest layer of the soil, whereas the gypsum is found in the topsoil. The identification was confirmed of the carbonates having calcite and aragonite structure, and the representative from the sulfate group (gypsum) was confirmed by X‐ray powder diffraction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.