Pore formation during the pyrolysis of C-Nb2O5 and C-Ta2O5 xerogels

Binary organic-inorganic gels have been prepared by mixing a carbonaceous hydrosol and a Nb₂O₅ or Ta₂O₅ sol derived by hydrolysis of the alkoxides. The gels are pyrolyzed under an inert atmosphere into precursors in which carbon and the metal oxides are mixed very intimately. High temperature treatment converts the precursors into the cubic face centered carbides. The precursors as well as the carbides have been shown to be micro- and mesoporous materials. Measurements of nitrogen adsorption reveal a characteristic change of the shapes of the isotherms (Type I Type IV) and of the hysteresis loops (H4H2H1) during the thermal processes. Pore widening has been observed with rising temperature. The phenomena of crystallization, carbothermal reduction and sintering were found to control the pore shape and size. The results of the adsorption measurement correlate well with those of the thermoanalytical and X-ray diffraction studies.Dedicated to Professor Dr. rer.nat. Dr. h.c. Hubertus Nickel on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

镍基气凝胶催化CH4-CO2重整制取合成气反应的研究 Ⅲ.影响催化剂积碳性能因素的探讨

考察了823K焙烧的干凝胶xNCA550、气凝胶aNCA550及浸渍型催化剂iNCA550在923K、1073K、1173K反应温度下的积碳行为，对催化剂表面碳的活性及类型进行了分析，并探讨了影响催化剂积碳的因素。实验结果表明，随反应温度的提高，催化剂的积碳能力减弱，尤以气凝胶催化剂aNCA550明显。催化剂的积碳主要发生在反应的初期，反应温度越高，到达积碳量相对稳定期所需要的时间越短；随着反应时间的延续，催化剂积碳量缓慢增长，并且表面碳的活性降低。催化剂的酸性和镍晶粒大小是影响其积碳性能的主要内在因素，而它们对积碳的影响程度受反应温度的影响，反应温度越高，催化剂表达酸性中心利于积碳的作用越小，小晶粒镍抑制催化剂积碳的能力越强。     

用重复卷积法求解物理宽化函数

用重复卷积法求解物理宽化函数吴万国,林嘉　（福州大学中心实验室,福州３５０００２）（中国（福建）对外贸易中心集团,福州３５０００１）关键词Ｘ射线衍射,晶粒度,晶格畸变,重复卷积粉末试样的Ｘ射线衍射谱线一般具有一定的宽度,引起话线宽化的主要原因有仪器致...     

On the Hydrolytic Stability of Organic Ligands in Al-, Ti- and Zr-Alkoxide Complexes

The complexation degrees of Al-, Ti- and Zr-butoxide (M) with unsaturated and saturated -diketones (3-allylpentane-2.4-dione-APD, acetylacetone-ACAC) and -ketoesters (methacryloxyethyl-acetoacetate-MEAA, allylacetoacetate-AAA, ethylacetoacetate-EAA) as organic ligands (L) were examined by IR and ¹³ C NMR spectroscopy and were found to be L:M 1.5. The hydrolytic stability of the ligands of the metal alkoxide complexes (L:M = 1) during hydrolysis/condensation reactions at the molar ratio h (H₂O : OR) = 0.5–2.0 decreases with increasing H$$₂O:complex ratio. Furthermore, the ligand stability depends on the type of metal in the complexes and decreases in the order Al- > Zr- > Ti-butoxide complexes at h=1. The ACAC ligand likewise shows in the Al-, Ti- and Zr-butoxide complexes a high hydrolytic stability (95–100%) at h=1 within 7 days. The Ti- and Zr-butoxide complexes with -ketoesters as ligand show at h=1> a release to a different extent e.g., up to 60% in the case of the MEAA-ligand in the Ti-butoxide complex after 2 days. In general, the hydrolytic stability of the ligands in the Ti-butoxide complexes (L:M = 1, h=1) decreases in the order ACAC > APD > AAA > EAA MEAA. The hydrolysis/condensation reaction of complexes having a weak ligand stability leads to larger particle sizes in the sols than those with stable ACAC ligands. The results contribute to a more controlled synthesis of sols and of new inorganic-organic hybrid polymers via the sol-gel process.     

Comparison of particle size and flow rate optimization for chromatography using one-monomer molecularly imprinted polymers versus traditional non-covalent molecularly imprinted polymers

The dependence of enantio-selective chromatographic performance on particle size, as measured by separation factor, was investigated for one-monomer molecularly imprinted polymers (OMNiMIPs) compared to traditionally formed EGDMA/MAA molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Five particle size ranges were compared (<20 μm, 20-25 μm, 25-38 μm, 38-45 μm, and 45-63 μm), revealing that the particle sizes above 25 μm provided the highest separation factor, and thus the best enantiomer separation, for both imprinted polymers. Other chromatographic parameters such as the number of theoretical plates and resolution exhibited only minor changes for the OMNiMIPs as the particle size changed, except for particles 20 μm and below. However, the number of theoretical plates and resolution for EGDMA/MAA are higher for particles in the 20-25 μm range. Thus, chromatographic factors for the EGDMA/MAA polymers are better in this range, despite better enantioselectivity for particle sizes above 25 μm. In contrast, OMNiMIPs generally show the most favorable performance for particle sizes in the 38-45 μm range. It was also found that decreasing flow rate resulted in improved enantioselectivity for both MIPs for all particle sizes.     

Effect of Variant Counterions on Stability and Particle Size of Silica Sol

The effects of variant counterions with ionic strength of 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25 mol·kg^-1 on the stability and particle size of silica sols have been studied using the traditional methods of Ubbelohde viscosity measurement, TEM and titration respectively, finding that the stability and particle size of the silica sols are all concerned with the acidic, positively electric properties and the sizes of the counterions, as well as the attraction between the counterions and surface silicon hydroxyl groups of the silica sols. The small positively charged counterions lead to the decrease in particle sizes, making the silica sol the most stable. But the larger weakly acidic counterions can restrict the particle sizes of the silica sols and easily make the sols coagulate. It was also found that there existed a linear relationship between log r and log η, which has not ever been reported. The effect of temperature on the stability and particle sizes was also discussed.     

极性和非极性溶剂在聚乙烯中的无限稀释扩散系数的测定

 气相法研究小分子溶剂与高分子聚合物材料之间的相互作用是一个快速、准确、方便的方法 ,可以测量多种小分子溶剂在聚合物中的溶解、扩散参数。通过气相法测定了 5种小分子溶剂 (正己烷、正庚烷、正癸烷、乙醇和水 )在固定液聚乙烯中的保留时间和半峰宽 ,运用vanDeemter模型进行数据处理 ,得到上述 5种小分子在聚乙烯中的无限稀释扩散系数 ,获得了十分有意义的结果。     

Monte Carlo simulation of spatial distribution of X rays in multifilm targets. III: optimum design as applied to W/Al‐film targets

The brightness of the X‐ray source in a W/Al‐film target used for X‐ray projection microscopy was studied by an approach using the Monte Carlo simulation. Since continuous X rays generated in a thin film have a specific angular distribution of emission, the brightness of the continuous X‐ray source cannot simply be estimated on the assumption that the angular distribution is homogeneous. The newly developed approach using the Monte Carlo simulation enables the evaluation of the effective source size, angular distribution, and brightness of a continuous X‐ray source with sufficient accuracy that it leads to the optimum design of a high‐brightness X‐ray source for uses such as X‐ray projection microscopy. The Monte Carlo calculations were performed for W(Δz)/Al (200 µm)‐film targets with different thicknesses of W film, Δz, under bombardment of 60 kV electrons. The results have suggested an optimum design consisting of a W (2 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target as most promising for providing an X‐ray source of higher brightness than the W (5 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target, which has already been in practice for X‐ray projection microscopy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Supercritical Propanol-Water Synthesis and Comprehensive Size Characterisation of Highly Crystalline anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles

Highly crystalline anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles have been synthesised in less than 1 min in a supercritical propanol-water mixture using a continuous flow reactor. The synthesis parameter space (T, P, concentration) has been explored and the average particle size can be accurately controlled within 10-18 nm with narrow size distributions (2-3 nm). At subcritical conditions amorphous products are obtained, whereas a broad range of T and P in the supercritical regime gives 11-14 nm particles. At high temperature and pressure, the particles size increase to 18 nm. The nanoparticles have been extensively characterised with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with excellent agreement on size and size distribution parameters. The SAXS analysis suggests disk-shaped particles with diameters that are approximately double the height. For comparison, a series of conventional autoclave sol-gel syntheses have been carried out. These also produce phase-pure anatase nanoparticles, but with much broader size distributions and at much longer synthesis times (hours). The study demonstrates that synthesis in supercritical fluids is a very promising method for manipulating the size and size distribution of nanoparticles, thus removing one of the key limitations in many applications of nanomaterials.     

Amphoteric polystyrene latex colloids: polymerization pathway and the control of particle size and potential

Amphoteric polystyrene latex colloids were prepared by the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of styrene. Two co-monomers, methacrylic acid (MA) (anionic) and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAM) (cationic) were used to promote the amphoteric nature of the resultant surfaces. Parameters such as particle size and the isoelectric point (IEP) were measured as a function of polymerization recipe. Particle size decreased with increasing initiator concentration according to the equation: log [d _w]=–0.67 log [I] + 0.316 whered _w is the weight average particle diameter andI is the concentration of initiator (potassium persulphate).The particle size also decreased with increasing temperature, increasing pH and addition of surfactant. Particle size was unaffected by the methacrylic acid content. The isoelectric point pH was decreased on decreasing initiator concentration and on increasing methacrylic acid content.The polymerization pathway was deduced to involve the cationic DMAM during the initiation phase and to involve the anionic MA as well as styrene, during the growth stage. A full polymerization pathway involving the formation of oligomeric DMAM micelles was postulated.