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91.
Despite intense research on the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal underlying functional magnetic resonance imaging, our understanding of its physiological basis is far from complete. In this study, it was investigated whether the so-called poststimulus BOLD signal undershoot is solely a passive vascular effect or actively induced by neural responses. Prolonged static and flickering black-white checkerboard stimulation with isoluminant grey screen as baseline condition were employed on eight human subjects. Within the same region of interest, the positive BOLD time courses for static and flickering stimuli were identical over the entire stimulus duration. In contrast, the static stimuli exhibited no poststimulus BOLD signal undershoot, whereas the flickering stimuli caused a strong BOLD poststimulus undershoot. To ease the interpretation, we performed an additional study measuring both BOLD signal and cerebral blood flow (CBF) using arterial spin labeling. Also for CBF, a difference in the poststimulus period was found for the two stimuli. Thus, a passive blood volume effect as the only contributor to the poststimulus undershoot comes short in explaining the BOLD poststimulus undershoot phenomenon for this particular experiment. Rather, an additional active neuronal activation or deactivation can strongly modulate the BOLD poststimulus behavior. In summary, the poststimulus time course of BOLD signal could potentially be used to differentiate neuronal activity patterns that are otherwise indistinguishable using the positive evoked response. 相似文献
92.
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and high resolution (400 Mz) proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR spectroscopy) on the competitive angiotensin II antagonist, |Sar1, Tyr(Me)4 (ANGII (Sarmesin) and its he-ptapeptide homolog, [Tyr(Me)3 |ANGIII, yield spectra which provide confirmation of structure and molecular weight. The characteristics of the spectra are discussed and compared with the spectra of natural ANG II, ANG III and |Sar1|ANG II. The NMR data are suggestive of interactions in angiotensin between: 1) the phenolic hydroxyl group and the imidazole ring, and 2) the N-terminal amino group and the Tyrring. These interactions may be important for the formation of the proposed charge transfer system in angiotensin II involving the phenoxyl and α-carboxylate groups. 相似文献
93.
A simple method based on Sagnac interferometric spectroscopy (SIS) is applied for frequency stabilization of diode lasers. Sagnac interferometric spectra of rubidium vapor are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The interference signal at the output of the Sagnac interferometer displays a sharp dispersion feature near the atomic resonance. This dispersion curve is used as the feedback error signal to stabilize the laser frequency. Linewidth of a diode laser is stabilized down to 1 MHz by this modulation-free method. 相似文献
94.
WU Jin-Jie HENG Yue-Kun SUN Zhi-Jia WU Chong ZHAO Yu-Da YANG Gui-An JIANG Chun-Hua 《中国物理C(英文版)》2008,32(3)
A new charge measurement method, time over threshold (TOT), has been used in some gas detectors lately. Here TOT is studied for TOF system, made of plastic scintillator counter, which can simplify the electronics of the system. The signal characteristics are measured and analyzed with a high quality oscilloscope, including noise, pedestal, signal amplitude, total charge, rise time and the correlation between them. The TOT and charge are related and can be fitted by some empirical formula. The charge measurement resolution by TOT is given and this will help the design of TOF electronics. 相似文献
95.
I discuss the experiments of Joseph Weber (1919-2000) of the University of Maryland between
1960 and 1973 that were aimed at the detection of gravity waves. He used throughout a quadratic
detector to demodulate his antenna signal, which I analyze and compare to a linear detector.The
latter was used by all of the other groups that entered the field. Of these, Richard Garwin and I at
IBM were one of the first groups to publish, and I discuss in detail our experiments between 1973
and 1975. I then discuss the experiments that were carried out at Bell Labs-Rochester, Glasgow,
Munich-Frascati,Moscow, and Tokyo. I compare the results, all of which were negative, with Webers
claimed detection of large numbers of gravity-wave events, as many as seven per day. I conclude
that these were not in fact gravity waves, but artifacts of his extremely hands-on data-analysis procedures,
which I discuss in detail. Finally, I speculate on how this came about. 相似文献
96.
Mills SJ Riley AM Liu C Mahon MF Potter BV 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2003,9(24):6207-6214
New and rapid syntheses of the enantiomeric intracellular signalling molecules d-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (1 a) and D-myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (1 b) are described. The synthetic strategy employs the novel butane-2,3-diacetal-protected (BDA-protected) myo-inositol (+/-)-3 ab, directly accessible from myo-inositol on a large scale, and an optical resolution with diastereoisomeric (R)-(-)-acetylmandelate esters. The X-ray crystal structure of (+/-)-4, an unusual side product of acid-catalysed reaction of myo-inositol with butanedione is also presented, and the absolute configurations of 1 a and 1 b are definitively assigned by conversion of key precursors into (+)-bornesitol and L-iditol hexaacetate, respectively. Biological activity of synthetic 1 b was confirmed in comparison with the natural polyphosphate. 相似文献
97.
Two different approaches, both exploiting two enzymes cooperative functioning, to enhance the sensitivity of tyrosinase (PPO) based biosensor for amperometric detection of phenols have been compared. For this purpose, one monoenzyme electrode (PPO) and two bienzyme electrodes (PPO and d-glucose dehydrogenase, GDH; PPO and horseradish peroxidase, HRP) were constructed using agar-agar gel as enzyme immobilization matrix. The biosensors responses for l-tyrosine detection were recorded at −50 mV versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The highest sensitivity (74 mA M−1) was observed for the PPO-GDH couple, while that recorded for PPO-HRP couple system was only 32 times higher than that measured for monoenzyme electrode (0.01 mA M−1). The ability of the PPO-, PPO-GDH-, PPO-HRP-based biosensors to assay phenols was demonstrated by quantitative determination of phenol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 2-amino-3 (4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid, 2-hydroxytoluene, 3-hydroxytoluene, 4-hydroxytoluene, 4-clorophenol, 3-clorophenol, 2-clorophenol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. 相似文献
98.
Roy S Rieutord A Zhou JY Baillet A Prognon P Chaminade P 《Biomedical chromatography : BMC》2003,17(5):297-305
The interests in liquid micro-chromatography (higher column efficiencies, increase in sensitivity) are now well established. The enhancement of fluorimetric response induced by the reduction of the inner diameter of columns (4.6, 3.0, 1.0 and 0.3 mm respectively) coupled with adapted detection cells to control the loss of efficiency (8 micro L for the two first columns and 100 nL for the two smaller ones) has been studied in the bioanalytical field, using the plasma determination of native fluorescent antibacterial agents: fluoroquinolones. Ten-fold enhancement of the signal can easily be obtained when substituting a 0.3 mm i.d. column and 100 nL detection cell for a 4.6 mm i.d. column, and 8 micro L detection cell. In addition to inner diameter reduction, the detection cell geometry appears to be an essential parameter to obtain the best enhancement of the recorded signal. Hence, the enhancement of signal with micro-chromatography with fluorimetric detection appears to be a compromise between column inner diameter and flow cell volume reduction. 相似文献
99.
We have obtained theoretically an expression for the nuclear free precession signal in an inhomogeneously broadened spin system with a complex structure of the NMR spectrum. It is shown that in this case in the nuclear precession signal there appear maxima the moments of whose formation depend on the detuning of the pulse carrier frequency from the central frequencies of the NMR lines, their widths, and the Rabi frequency. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data on the observation of proton free precession in toluene. We have constructed a physical model explaining the appearance of maxima in the free precession signal of the spin system. 相似文献
100.