气泡/泡沫覆盖粗糙海面电磁散射的修正双尺度法研究

提出了风驱粗糙海面覆盖水气泡层的‘体-面’复合模型.基于修正的双尺度粗糙面散射理论、MIE理论和矢量辐射传输理论,比较了水气泡与实心水粒子的电磁散射特性的差异,分析了海面泡沫覆盖率与风速、气-海温差的关系.在有、无泡沫层情形下,采用高斯和经验海谱,讨论了单站、双站散射系数与入射角、方位角、风速、风向、极化等参量的关系,并将数值计算的结果与相关文献的测量值进行了比较和分析. 关键词： 电磁散射 海面复合模型 修正双尺度法 MIE     

透雾连续变焦镜头的小型化设计

根据探测设备电视通道要求实现普通彩色和透雾黑白两种模式观察并小型化的特点,运用最速变焦路线凸轮曲线的设计及凸轮曲线平滑性优化的方法实现了小型化设计;采用可见光加近红外波段并在全波段范围内进行像质评价的方法,即根据外形尺寸计算中所求出的每个透镜组的光焦度和通光口径,参考现有结构,选定每组透镜的结构形式,缩放成要求的焦距以后组合成全系统进行像差校正,这样既可实现普通彩色和透雾黑白两种模式的观察,又保证了系统的齐焦性.系统通过了像质检测、实景成像的验证及环境应力筛选及环境例行试验的考查,并成功地用于探测设备.     

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at Ross Sea (Antarctica)

The most significant findings on the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the marine ecosystem at Ross Sea are presented. Seawater samples were collected in many sampling sites located in a large area of the Ross Sea during various Italian expeditions in Antarctica. Two classes of POPs were considered, namely polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results highlighted the presence of these compounds in seawater samples at a total concentration level of about 50 pg/l for PCBs, and 220 pg/l for PAHs. Moreover, seawater samples showed low to high molecular weight PAHs (LMW/HMW) and phenanthrene to anthracene (PHE/ANT) ratios higher than 1 and 5, respectively, which may suggest the predominance of a petrogenic source (i.e. petroleum product contamination). Results were also obtained on the POP depth profile in the water column at Cape Adere, where two water masses converge and mix, i.e. the Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) and the High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW). According to both the PAH and temperature profiles a two-fold higher PAH and PCB concentration was observed for MCDW samples with respect to HSSW. This result represents the first experimental evidence of the external input of pollutants in this area of the Ross Sea coming from the outer oceanic circulation.     

On upper bounds for the growth rate in the extended Taylor-Goldstein problem of hydrodynamic stability

For the extended Taylor-Goldstein problem of hydrodynamic stability governing the stability of shear flows of an inviscid, incompressible but density stratified fluid in sea straits of arbitrary cross-section a new estimate for the growth rate of an arbitrary unstable normal mode is given for a class of basic flows. Furthermore the Howard’s conjecture, namely, the growth rate kc _i → 0 as the wave number k → ∞ is proved for two classes of basic flows.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定海参和海胆中的单唾液酸神经节苷脂

建立了液相色谱-四极杆串联质谱法定量检测海参和海胆中单唾液酸神经节苷脂的分析方法。采用Svennerholm法从海胆或海参样品中提取神经节苷脂,经C8固相萃取柱净化,采用APS-2 NH₂柱(150 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm),以乙腈和50 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(pH 5.6)为流动相,梯度洗脱。样品中每种成分的定量在多反应监测模式下进行。该方法具有极高的灵敏度,定量限可低至纳克级。非硫酸酯化单唾液酸神经节苷脂(NMG)和硫酸酯化单唾液酸神经节苷脂(SMG)在1～40 ng进样量范围内呈现良好的线性关系;定量结果显示所测海参样品中美国红参的NMG含量最高,海胆样品中紫海胆的SMG含量最高;海胆中总的单唾液酸神经节苷脂含量(4.30～6.40 mg/g)明显高于各海参样品(8～131 μg/g)。该方法稳定可靠,适合海胆和海参中微量单唾液酸神经节苷脂的定量分析。     

Variational assimilation in combination with the regularization method for sea level pressure retrieval from QuikSCAT scatterometer data I: Theoretical frame construction

A new method of constructing a sea level pressure field from satellite microwave scatterometer measurements is presented. It is based on variational assimilation in combination with a regularization method using geostrophic vorticity to construct a sea level pressure field from scatterometer data that are given in this paper, which offers a new idea for the application of scatterometer measurements. Firstly, the geostrophic vorticity from the scatterometer data is computed to construct the observation field, and the vorticity field in an area and the sea level pressure on the borders are assimilated. Secondly, the gradient of sea level pressure (semi-norm) is used as the stable functional to educe the adjoint system, the adjoint boundary condition and the gradient of the cost functional in which a weight parameter is introduced for the harmony of the system and the Tikhonov regularization techniques in inverse problem are used to overcome the ill-posedness of the assimilation. Finally, the iteration method of the sea level pressure field is developed.     

An investigation of strong backflow events at the interface of air–water systems using large-eddy simulation

A large-eddy simulation of a counter-current gas–liquid flow is performed. At the flat interface where the different fluids meet, continuity of momentum and momentum fluxes are enforced following the work of Lombardi et al. [Direct numerical simulation of near-interface turbulence in coupled gas-liquid flow. Phys Fluids. 1996;8(6):1643–1665]. The increase in vertical vorticity fluctuations near the interface increases mixing, reducing the thickness of the inner region of the boundary layer. Such increase reduces shear while allowing for more frequent backflow motions in the inner region, being this phenomenon stronger on water. Due to the higher inertia of water these backflow motions are ultimately responsible for the streaky structure of shear stresses seen along the interface. The present study shows that such bimodality in the streamwise velocities is also seen in the angle distribution of vorticity relative to the interface, where such angles are linked to the presence of interface-connected and quasi-streamwise vortex cores. Finally, it is shown that backflow events on the interface shear stresses correlate with coupled ‘strong’ ejections in the near interface region despite the disparagingly different near-interface streamwise velocity distributions on the near interface boundary layers.     

Effective dielectric constant model of electromagnetic backscattering from stratified air–sea surface film–sea water medium

Studies of surface film medium on the sea surface are carried out in this paper for developing the technology to automatically detect and classify sea surface films, and an effective dielectric constant model of electromagnetic backscattering from a stratified air–ocean interface. Numerical results of the new model show the characteristics of effective dielectric constants for the air–sea surface film–sea water medium as follows. The effective dielectric constants decrease with increasing relative dielectric constants of the sea surface films. The effective dielectric constants decrease in horizontal polarization(abbr. HH polarization) and increase in VV vertical polarization(abbr. VV polarization) with increasing radar incident angle. Effective dielectric constants vary with relative sea surface film thickness as a cosinusoidal function of sea surface film thickness. Effective dielectric constant of VV polarization is larger than that of HH polarization. Two potential applications are found with our model, i.e., the retrieval of dielectric constants from the sea surface film, and the film thickness retrieval with our model. Our model has a highly significant influence on improving the technology related to the remote sensing of sea surface films.     

混合驱动水下滑翔机水动力参数辨识

与传统水下滑翔机相比,混合驱动水下滑翔机可以分别利用头部的浮力驱动单元和机身尾部的螺旋桨推进单元进行驱动从而实现不同形式的运动,具备低功耗、长航程、良好机动性等特点,具有广泛的应用前景. 准确的动力学模型以及精确的水动力参数是实现混合驱动水下滑翔机控制系统设计以及精确导航的基础. 在混合驱动水下滑翔机动力学模型已知的前提下获得准确的水动力参数是本文主要研究的问题. 本文以天津大学研制的混合驱动水下滑翔机“海燕” 作为研究对象,提出一种在有限航行参数条件下,基于大数据统计分析的计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD) 和参数辨识相结合来获取混合驱动水下滑翔机的水动力参数的方法. 即首先建立滑翔机的动力学模型,推导出稳态数据与所求水动力参数的关系;然后采用CFD 的方法得到其升力系数,根据大量稳态纯滑翔实验数据,结合大数据统计分析,辨识出其剩余水动力参数;最后,根据混合驱动模式下的实验数据辨识出与螺旋桨相关的参数,从而得到其整套的水动力参数. 该方法不仅结合了CFD 方法具有获取复杂外形结构航行水动力的特点,而且可以有效利用大量现场实验数据,因而能够更加准确地辨识其实际运动. 通过运动仿真与试验对比,验证了该辨识方法的正确性和有效性,对滑翔机的研究具有指导意义.      

一种混沌海杂波背景下的微弱信号检测方法

基于复杂非线性系统的相空间重构理论,提出了一种基于遗传算法的支持向量机预测方法.利用改进的自相关法和饱和关联维数法确定混沌信号的时间延迟和嵌入维,从而实现相空间重构.通过遗传算法优化支持向量机中的惩罚系数和核函数参数,并结合支持向量机建立混沌序列的单步预测模型,从预测误差中检测出淹没在混沌背景中的微弱信号(包括瞬态信号和周期信号).以Lorenz系统和加拿大McMaster大学利用IPIX雷达实测得到的海杂波数据作为混沌背景噪声进行仿真实验,结果表明该方法能够有效地从混沌背景噪声中检测出微弱目标信号,所得的均方根误差为0.00049521(信噪比为-89.7704 dB),这比传统支持向量机方法的均方根误差(0.049,信噪比为-54.60 dB)降低了两个数量级.