混合工质扩散吸收制冷系统初步实验研究

本文研究了一种混合工质扩散吸收制冷循环,在带溶液泵的循环实验装置上,以R23/R32/R134a为混合制冷剂,He为扩散气体,DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)为吸收剂,进行了实验研究。结果表明,高压侧混合制冷剂在回热器中进一步被低压侧混合制冷剂冷却,使其在更低的温度下液化并与He扩散蒸发,可以实现较低的蒸发温度。中间沸点组分R32可以改善系统的制冷性能,有利于较低蒸发温度的实现。本文提出的水平蛇形套管换热器用作扩散吸收系统回热器是可行的,但还需进一步改进回热器的结构,提高加工工艺和安装精度。     

基于衍射理论的Z扫描技术分析与数值模拟

以菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论为基础,对通过非线性介质的高斯光束传输行为进行理论分析,分别给出了强吸收、无吸收情况下开孔、闭孔Z扫描曲线公式;对不同条件下非线性介质的归一化透过率进行数值模拟计算,发现Z扫描曲线透射峰和透射谷表现出3种新的特性:随着入射激光峰值光强的增加,Z扫描曲线透射峰的高度受到抑制,而透射谷则加强变得更深;非线性相移的增加对Z扫描曲线透射峰和透射谷均有增高和加深的作用;激光束束腰半径越大,Z扫描曲线的峰谷特征越明显。     

X‐ray‐Raman‐scattering‐based EXAFS beyond the dipole limit

X‐ray Raman scattering (XRS) provides a bulk‐sensitive method of measuring the extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of soft X‐ray absorption edges. Accurate measurements and data analysis procedures for the determination of XRS‐EXAFS of polycrystalline diamond are described. The contributions of various angular‐momentum components beyond the dipole limit to the atomic background and the EXAFS oscillations are incorporated using self‐consistent real‐space multiple‐scattering calculations. The properly extracted XRS‐EXAFS oscillations are in good agreement with calculations and earlier soft X‐ray EXAFS results. It is shown, however, that under certain conditions multiple‐scattering contributions to XRS‐EXAFS deviate from those in standard EXAFS, leading to noticeable changes in the real‐space signal at higher momentum transfers owing to non‐dipole contributions. These results pave the way for the accurate application of XRS‐EXAFS to previously inaccessible light‐element systems.     

Stereochemical analysis of ferrocene and the uncertainty of fluorescence XAFS data

Methods for the quantification of statistically valid measures of the uncertainties associated with X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) data obtained from dilute solutions using fluorescence measurements are developed. Experimental data obtained from 10 mM solutions of the organometallic compound ferrocene, Fe(C₅H₅)₂, are analysed within this framework and, following correction for various electronic and geometrical factors, give robust estimates of the standard errors of the individual measurements. The reliability of the refinement statistics of standard current XAFS structure approaches that do not include propagation of experimental uncertainties to assess subtle structural distortions is assessed in terms of refinements obtained for the staggered and eclipsed conformations of the C₅H₅ rings of ferrocene. Standard approaches (XFIT, IFEFFIT) give refinement statistics that appear to show strong, but opposite, preferences for the different conformations. Incorporation of experimental uncertainties into an IFEFFIT‐like analysis yield refinement statistics for the staggered and eclipsed forms of ferrocene which show a far more realistic preference for the eclipsed form which accurately reflects the reliability of the analysis. Moreover, the more strongly founded estimates of the refined parameter uncertainties allow more direct comparison with those obtained by other techniques. These XAFS‐based estimates of the bond distances have accuracies comparable with those obtained using single‐crystal diffraction techniques and are superior in terms of their use in comparisons of experimental and computed structures.     

Absorption properties of a driven Doppler—broadened ladder system with hyperfine structure

We have studied the absorption spectrum of a Doppler-broadened ladder system,where the highest level is coupled into two middle hyperfine sublevels by a strong coherent field.We find that,when the system is considered as homogeneous,either two or three spectral components are observed,depending on the detuning of the coherent field.but when the velocity distribution of atoms is considered,we can always observe one electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window with high dispersion.So the atomic hyperfine structure cannot be an impediment for obtaining EIT.     

Study of absorption and re-emission processes in a ternary liquid scintillation system

Liquid scintillators are widely used as the neutrino target in neutrino experiments.The absorption and emission of different components of a ternary liquid scintillator （Linear Alkyl Benzene （LAB） as the solvent,2,5-diphenyloxazole （PPO） as the fluor and p-bis-（o-methylstyryl）-benzene （bis-MSB） as wavelength shifter） are studied.It is shown that the absorption of this liquid scintillator is dominant by LAB and PPO at wavelengths less than 349 nm,and the absorption by bis-MSB becomes prevalent at the wavelength larger than 349 nm.The fluorescence quantum yields,which are the key parameters to model the absorption and re-emission processes in large liquid scintillation detectors,are measured.     

Molecular orientation of thiol-derivatized tetraphenylporphyrin on gold studied by XPS and NEXAFS

Tetraphenylporphyrins bearing four linkers consisting of thioacetyl-functionalized carbon chains were immobilized on a gold surface via thiolate-gold bonds using two different preparation routes. The structure of these molecular layers was characterized in detail with synchrotron radiation based core-level spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The results show that the geometry of the molecular layers and the number of linkers that bind to the gold surface depends on the preparation schemes. The deprotection of the linkers through removal of the terminal acetyl group before the molecular adsorption (deprotected systems) resulted in porphyrins bound to the gold surface with on the average three linkers, their normal axis being tilted ∼38° with respect to the surface normal. On the other hand, porphyrin layers prepared directly with the acetyl group still in place on the linkers (protected systems) are made of molecules bound to the gold surface via two linkers on the average. The resulting orientation is more upright, with the normal axis of the porphyrin plane tilted ∼50° with respect to the surface normal. Moreover, NEXAFS measurements revealed that the acetyl deprotected porphyrin layers have a higher degree of ordering than the protected systems.     

A study of the interaction between perylene and the TiO2(1 1 0)-(1 × 1) surface-based on XPS, UPS and NEXAFS measurements

The interaction between a semi-large aromatic hydrocarbon compound (perylene) and the TiO₂(1 1 0)-(1 × 1) surface under ultra high vacuum conditions has been probed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) methods. UPS measurements of the adsorbate system have been compared with an experimental UPS spectrum of perylene in the gas phase and a calculated spectrum obtained by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods. NEXAFS results of perylene molecules adsorbed on TiO₂(1 1 0)-(1 × 1) were compared with data from an α-phase perylene single crystal. A novel analysis of the valence data has been employed to show that no strong chemical interaction takes place between perylene and the TiO₂(1 1 0)-(1 × 1) surface. Furthermore, angle-dependent NEXAFS measurements and the growth curve results suggest that the perylene molecules are oriented flat down onto the TiO₂ substrate due to weak van der Waals interactions.     

极化子效应对ZnS/CdSe核壳量子点光吸收系数的影响

在有效质量近似下,利用量子力学密度矩阵理论,从理论上研究了考虑极化子效应后核壳量子点中线性、三阶非线性以及总的光吸收系数在不同条件下随入射光能量变化的关系。通过数值计算,分析了电子-LO声子和电子-IO声子相互作用对ZnS/CdSe柱型核壳结构量子点光吸收系数的影响。结果表明,极化子效应对光吸收系数有很大影响,不同声子模式对光吸收系数影响大小不同。考虑电子-LO声子后,光吸收系数被大大提高。另外,入射光强和弛豫时间对系统的吸收系数也有很大影响。     

反演波段对DOAS测量大气中O3的性能影响研究

臭氧(O3)浓度通常被认为是一个地方污染水平的基准,所以其绝对值的准确性至关藿要.在差分光学吸收光谱技术(DOAS)对O3的测量过程中,光谱反演波段的选择可直接决定O3浓度的测量准确度.文章主要研究了在不同光谱波段O3特征吸收结构和差分光学厚度(D')的不同,在不同光谱波段O3浓度反演的干扰来源以及影响程度,确定了实际检测时大气消光对不同波段光强的影响,最后通过对多种污染物标准气体进行了同时临测,计算出标准气体在不同光谱分辨率不同O3浓度时的测量误差,确定了对O3的最适用光谱波段范围.在此波段既能够实现对痕量气体的准确定性定量,又能达到测量所需要的高灵敏度,强选择性和适用的时间分辨率.