Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels

This article attempts to bring together basic and complex information which has been gathered on cellulose structure, principally that of native cellulose, over the last few decades. Even though advances have been made in the field of crystallography, powder crystallography cannot yield a definitive cellulose structure and single crystal diffraction is not possible due to the lack of suitable crystals. Knowledge obtained on the biosynthesis of native cellulose and on the polymorphy of cellulose and its derivatives help our understanding of ultrastructure. Many inconsistencies between early crystallographic studies of native cellulose have been clarified by the discovery that two polymorphs (α and β) of cellulose I exist. Models of the possible ultrastructural arrangements within native cellulose have been put forward over the decades; with advancement in technology, computer simulations of small and large systems are being created to test the viability of these ultrastructural models. It is hoped that this review will aid in the understanding of the complexity and uncertainties that still exist in this subject. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of the structure of bonded cyanoalkyl stationary phases on their selectivity in the liquid chromatographic separation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Summary The paper discusses the effect of the length and structure of the hydrocarbon chain connecting the nitrile group to the silica gel surface on the chromatographic properties of cyanoalkyl phases.When using non-polar and polar mobile phases, the selectivity of the cyanodecyl phases toward PAHs is higher than of the cyanopropyl phase and of hydroxylated silica gel.Polar additives to the mobile phase drastically decrease the retention on silica gel and on the cyanopropyl phase while affect the properties of cyanodecyl phases only to a considerably less degree. Newly synthesized phases with different structures of the hydrocarbon chain are compared with the commerical cyano-and ODS-phases. The retention mechanism on the cyanoalkyl phases is discussed.     

Electronic structure of unstable intermediates

The geometry of the linear molecule HBO, has been investigated within the restricted Hartree-Fock LCAO-MO-SCF approximation. The calculated bond lengths for the near Hartree-Fock calculation were R(H-B)=2.1913 bohr, R(B-O)=2.2284 bohr. Several one electron properties have been calculated for the minimum energy configuration.     

Extraction and coordination studies of carbamoyl methyl sulfoxide (CMSO) with uranyl bis(β-diketonates). Synthesis and molecular structure of [{UO2(DBM)2}2C6H5CH2SOCH2CONHC6H5]

The carbamoyl methyl sulfoxide compounds of uranyl bis(β-diketonate) of the types [UO₂(DBM)₂CMSO] and [{UO₂(DBM)₂}₂CMSO] (where HDBM = C₆H₅COCH₂COC₆H₅; CMSO = C₆H₅CH₂SOCH₂CONHC₆H₅ or C₆H₅SOCH₂CONⁱPr₂) have been synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. Spectral studies show that CMSO acts as a monodentate ligand in [UO₂(DBM)₂CMSO] compounds and bonds through the sulfoxo oxygen atom to the uranyl group. It acts as a bridging bidentate ligand in [{UO₂(DBM)₂}₂CMSO] compounds and bonds through both the sulfoxo and carbamoyl oxygen atoms to two different uranyl groups. The structure of the compound [{UO₂(DBM)₂}₂C₆H₅CH₂SOCH₂CONHC₆H₅] confirms the bridging bidentate mode of coordination for the CMSO ligand. Extraction studies show an enhancement in solvent extraction for the uranyl ion from nitric acid medium when a mixture of thenoyl trifluoroacetone (HTTA) and CMSO was employed.     

Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic property of a new nickel selenite chloride: Ni5(SeO3)4Cl2

The new nickel selenite chloride, Ni₅(SeO₃)₄Cl₂, was obtained by high-temperature solid state reaction of NiCl₂, Ni₂O₃ and SeO₂ in a 1:2:4 molar ratio at 700 °C in an evacuated quartz tube. Its structure was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Ni₅(SeO₃)₄Cl₂ crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1 (No. 2) with cell parameters of a=8.076(2), b=9.288(2), c=9.376(2) Å, α=101.97(3), β=105.60(3), γ=91.83(3)° and Z=2. All nickel(II) ions in Ni₅(SeO₃)₄Cl₂ are octahedrally coordinated by selenite oxygens or/and chloride anions (([Ni(1)O₅Cl], [Ni(2)O₄Cl₂], [Ni(3)O₅Cl], [Ni(4)O₆] and [Ni(5)O₄Cl]). The structure of the title compound features a condensed three-dimensional (3D) network built by Ni(II) ions interconnected by SeO₃²⁻ anions as well as Cl⁻ anions. Magnetic property measurements show strong antiferromagnetic interaction between nickel(II) ions.     

LiM2(NCN)Br3 (M = Sr,Eu): Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Solid‐State Carbodiimides with Empty Tetrahedral Metal Entities

Two solid‐state carbodiimide compounds, LiM₂(NCN)Br₃ (M = Sr, Eu), with characteristic empty tetrahedral M₄ entities have been synthesized using a flux route, and their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The new phases LiSr₂(NCN)Br₃ and LiEu₂(NCN)Br₃ are isotypical with the corresponding iodides and crystallize in the cubic system (( , Z = 16) but with smaller unit cells (a = 14.641(1) Å for LiSr₂(NCN)Br₃ and 14.572(1) Å for LiEu₂(NCN)Br₃). The extended structures comprise two interpenetrating three‐dimensional networks: the first one is built from isolated M₄ tetrahedra capped by NCN^2? anions on their triangular faces while the second is made from vertex‐sharing LiBr₆ octahedra. The linear NCN^2? anions exhibit the symmetrical carbodiimide shape and serve as linkers between the tetrahedral entities.     

Lewis-Base Adducts of Group 11 Metal(I) Compounds. LXXVI Structural Studies in the Copper(I) Halide : Norbornadiene System

The structural characterizations of some copper(I) halide (CuX) adducts with norbornadiene (nbd) are recorded. CuCl : nbd (1:1)₄ (a redetermination), (2:1)_2(|), are systems both based around Cu₄Cl₄ cubane-type cluster arrays. CuBr : nbd (7:3)_(|)( 0.5 MeOH), a complex polymer with 3-symmetry, is believed to be the complex previously described as an adduct of 2:1 stoichiometry. Attempts to obtain an iodide counterpart have resulted in the definition of an ephemeral adduct CuI : MeCN (3:2)_(|). 0.5 C₇H₈ in which, remarkably, the nbd is uncoordinated; the complex is a polymer, related to the [AgX(quinoline)]_(|) (X = Cl, Br) saddle polymer.     

Photochemical Reaction of Decacarbonyldirhenium with Thiophene and Crystal Structure of Tetradecacarbonylhydridotrirhenium

The photochemical reaction of Re₂(CO)₁₀ with thiophene in hexane solution was investigated under vacuum. Three rhenium clusters: H₂Re₃(CO)₁₂, HRe₃(CO)₁₄ and Re₃(CO)₁₄(OH)₄, were isolated. The structure of Fellmann-Kaesz cluster Complex HRe₃(CO)₁₄ was determined by use of the X-ray diffraction method. The three rhenium atoms form a plane of symmetry and L: Re₁Re₂Re₃ is 107°. The ten carbonyl groups bonded to the two terminal rhenium atoms Re₁ and Re₃, are staggered with respect to the central rhenium atoms. The bond lengths are 3.10 Å for Re₂-Re₃ and 3.34 Å for Re₁-Re₂. The bridging hydride is between Re₁ and Re₂.     

Relationship between Structure and SHG Effect of Substituted Thienyl Chalcone

1INTRODUCTIONRecentlyorganicnonlinearoptical(NLO)materialsarebeingdevelopedforfre-quencyconversionoflaserinopto-electrics-Especiallybluelightisrequiredforopti-calmemoryofhighdensityrecording.Becauseadiodelaserisusedasalightsource,thenonlinearmaterialswhichhaveextremelyhighvalueofNLOcoefficientsandthetransmissionofblueregionarenecessary.Sincethesecond-orderNLOpropertyoforganiccompoundisderivedfromconjugateddelocalizedrrelectrons,thecompoundswhichhavebeenreportedhavefocusedonthenitroanil…     

Synthesis, Structure and Conductivity of the New Charge-transfer Salt (ET)_2(CH_2=CH-CH_2-SO_3)·H_2O

ET is one of the most famous electron-donor molecules, which forms charge-transfer complexes (abbr. CT-complexes) with various types of counterions. These complexes have received intense attention because a wide range of physical properties such as conductivity and superconductivity1, ferromagnetism2-4 and nonlinear optical properties5 was found in these materials. Although the majority of the ET-based CT-complexes were prepared by combining with inorganic counterions, CT-complexes with o…