Information value and information content in the evolutionary strategy of the genetic code

Summary In previous papers we defined the information value of a genetic code as a measure of its efficiency in the utilization of the information stored in the DNA molecule. Here the genetic codes which have been proposed to be intermediate steps in evolution are analysed in terms of information theory. The results show that evolution follows an optimization strategy between increasing the information content and decreasing the information value,i.e. in each evolutionary step the average information value per unitary information content decreases and at the same time the probability of nonsense mutations goes down as the code evolves. To speed up publication, the authors of this paper have agreed to not recive the proofs for correction.     

Solvable isotherms for a two-component system of charged rods on a line

The Coulomb system consisting of an equal number of positive and negative charged rods confined to a one-dimensional lattice is studied. The grand partition function can be calculated exactly at two values of the coupling constant=q ²/k _B T (q denoting the magnitude of the charges). The exact results lead to the conjecture that in the complex scaled fugacity plane, all the zeros of the grand partition function lie on the negative real axis for<2, on the point=–1 for=2, and on the unit circle for>2. In addition, for>4, we conjecture in general and prove at=4 that the zeros pinch the real axis in the thermodynamic limit, with an essential singularity in the pressure at the reduced density 1/2.     

重复Tesla变压器型相对论电子束加速器的初步试验

研制了一台重复率 Tesla型相对论电子束加速器。空心 Tesla变压器对充油Blumlein传输线充电 ;主开关为自击穿油间隙 ;二极管为平面阴极有箔二极管。试验在重复率为 0 .2 Hz和 1 Hz下分别进行。当重复率为 0 .2 Hz时 ,加速器连续重复放电 70次以上。二极管电压幅值 3 0 0 k V,脉宽 3 0 ns,上升沿约     

超导数字计算机

超导数字计算机是下世纪超级机的发展方向 ,它在计算机科学发展的历史上将具有十分重要的意义,文章简要介绍了快速单磁通量子（ＲＳＦＱ）超导计算机研究的发展、ＲＳＦＱ逻辑电路的基本原理、超导计算机的基本结构以及超导数字计算机的展望。     

计算的量子飞跃

利用量子力学的迭加和纠缠等特性进行的量子计算是计算技术的巨大飞跃。它能够比经典计算远为有效地解决一些问题。例如最为著名的Ｓｈｏｒ的算法原则上能够以多项式的时间因子化大的合数,从而使得经典计算机难以计算的这一问题得以解决。文章介绍了至今所发现的主要量子算法的基本原理和步骤,并且概述了量子计算的优越性、现状和发展前景,同时讨论了量子计算在物理学上的应用和意义。     

自发参量下转换双光子场应用研究进展

文章介绍了自发能量下转换双光子场的概念,重点总结了自发参量下转换双光子场应用研究的进展状况,并对该研究领域的发展进行了展望。     

808nmInGaAsP／InGaP／GaAs激光器列阵

研制出３０个单元的ＩｎＧＡａＳｐ／ＩｎＧａＰ／ＧａＡｓ分别限制双异质结单量子阱激光器列阵,器件外微分量子效率达７８％,发向波长８０８ｎｍ,准连续输出的光功率达２７Ｗ。     

自发参量下转换双光子场的产生及其在光学计量中的应用

讨论自发参量魃光子场的产生机理,提出一种基于自发参量下转换双光子场绝在量子效率新方法。基于这一方法地光子计数型电倍增管的量子效率进行测量,并将实验结果与常规方法没得的结果进行比较。     

Nanoscale Science and Technology at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Research in the emerging field of nanoscale science and technology has grown steadily at Los Alamos National Laboratory since 1990. This article summarizes some of this work, examining research highlights within the seven key categories of nanoscience in which Los Alamos has ongoing projects, capabilities, and facilities: (1) Materials and chemistry, (2) Theory and modeling, (3) Bioscience, (4) Investigative tools and facilities, (5) Sensors and devices, (6) Synthesis and fabrication, and (7) Education and outreach. Future research horizons are indicated throughout while institutional strategies for advancing nanoscale science are summarized at the end.     

Entropy of a Black Hole with Distinct Surface Gravities

In gravitational thermodynamics, the entropy of a black hole with distinct surface gravities can be evaluated in a microcanonical ensemble. At the WKB level, the entropy becomes the negative of the Euclidean action of the constrained instanton, which is the seed for the black hole creation in the no-boundary universe. Using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, we prove the quite universal formula in Euclidean quantum gravity that the entropy of a nonrotating black hole is one quarter the sum of the products of the Euler characteristics and the areas of the horizons. For Lovelock gravity, the entropy and quantum creation of a black hole are also studied.