大体积进样气质联用法检测涉水产品浸泡液中的酚类物质

建立了涉水产品浸泡液中酚类物质的柱头大体积进样(OCI-LVI)、串联毛细管柱分离、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)定性与定量检测方法.样品按相关法规浸泡后,以0.2 g/L的比例立即加入还原剂Na2S2O3,以消除过量余氯.取10 mL浸泡液,加入2,4-二溴酚内标物质.调pH 6.8,Nacl饱和后加1 mL提取溶...     

Decreases in ADC observed in tissue areas during activation in the cat visual cortex at 9.4 T using high diffusion sensitization

Recent studies in the human visual cortex using diffusion-weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have suggested that the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decreases, in contrast to earlier studies that consistently reported ADC increases during neuronal activation. The changes, in either case, are hypothesized to provide the ability to improve the spatial specificity of fMRI over conventional blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) methods. Most recently, the ADC decreases have been suggested as originating from transient cell swelling caused by either shrinkage of the extracellular space or some intracellular neuronal process that precedes the hemodynamic response. All of these studies have been conducted in humans and at lower magnetic fields, which can be limited by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The low SNR can lead to significant partial-volume effects because of the lower spatial resolutions required to attain sufficient SNR in diffusion-weighted images. Human studies also have the potential confound of motion. At high magnetic fields and in animal model studies, these limitations are alleviated. At high fields, SNR increases, tissue signals are enhanced and signal changes inside the blood are significantly reduced compared to lower fields. In this work, we were able to measure a small but significant ADC decrease in tissue areas, in conjunction with brain activation in the cat visual cortex at 9.4 T when using highly diffusion-weighted images (b>1200 s/mm2) where intravascular effects are minimal. When using low b-values, delayed increases in the tissue ADC during activation were observed. No significant changes in ADC were observed in surface vessels for any diffusion weighting. Furthermore, we did not observe any temporal differences in the highly diffusion-weighted data compared to BOLD; however, although the changes may likely be vascular in nature, they are highly localized to the tissue areas.     

Electro-optical properties of excitons in polydiacetylene chains

We show how to compute the optical functions (reflectivity, transmission, and absorption) of polydiacetylene chains diluted in their monomer matrix exposed to a uniform electric field in the chain direction, in the excitonic energy region. Adopting a model electron-hole potential, we derived an analytical expression for the effective chain susceptibility, which gives the optical functions. The resulting absorption shows excitonic peaks below the gap and Franz-Keldysh oscillations above the gap. The method has been applied for a 3BCMU polydiacetylene chain, showing a good agreement with experimental spectra. Received 5 November 1998 and Received in final form 23 February 1999     

Independent component model of the default-mode brain function: combining individual-level and population-level analyses in resting-state fMRI

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) is a technique used to investigate the spontaneous correlations of blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals across different regions of the brain. Using functional connectivity tools, it is possible to investigate a specific RS-fMRI network, referred to as "default-mode" (DM) network, that involves cortical regions deactivated in fMRI experiments with cognitive tasks. Previous works have reported a significant effect of aging on DM regions activity. Independent component analysis (ICA) is often used for generating spatially distributed DM functional connectivity patterns from RS-fMRI data without the need for a reference region. This aspect and the relatively easy setup of an RS-fMRI experiment even in clinical trials have boosted the combined use of RS-fMRI and ICA-based DM analysis for noninvasive research of brain disorders. In this work, we considered different strategies for combining ICA results from individual-level and population-level analyses and used them to evaluate and predict the effect of aging on the DM component. Using RS-fMRI data from 20 normal subjects and a previously developed group-level ICA methodology, we generated group DM maps and showed that the overall ICA-DM connectivity is negatively correlated with age. A negative correlation of the ICA voxel weights with age existed in all DM regions at a variable degree. As an alternative approach, we generated a distributed DM spatial template and evaluated the correlation of each individual DM component fit to this template with age. Using a "leave-one-out" procedure, we discuss the importance of removing the bias from the DM template-generation process.     

Quantitative NumART2* mapping in functional MRI studies at 1.5 T

Quantitative mapping of the effective transverse relaxation time, T₂* and proton density was performed in a motor activation functional MRI (fMRI) study using multi-echo, echo planar imaging (EPI) and NumART₂* (Numerical Algorithm for Real time T₂*). Comparisons between NumART₂* and conventional single echo EPI with an echo time of 64 ms were performed for five healthy participants examined twice. Simulations were also performed to address specific issues associated with the two techniques, such as echo time-dependent signal variation. While the single echo contrast varied with the baseline T₂* value, relative changes in T₂* remained unaffected. Statistical analysis of the T₂* maps yielded fMRI activation patterns with an improved statistical detection relative to conventional EPI but with less activated voxels, suggesting that NumART₂* has superior spatial specificity. Two effects, inflow and dephasing, that may explain this finding were investigated. Particularly, a statistically significant increase in proton density was found in a brain area that was detected as activated by conventional EPI but not by NumART₂* while no such changes were observed in brain areas that showed stimulus correlated signal changes on T₂* maps.     

Nonlinear statistical properties of fMRI signals in human visual cortex during resting-state

The purpose of the current work is to study nonlinear dynamics in neuronal activity within human brain visual cortex based on blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging. In particular, based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, measures of fractality, complexity, and state disorder are estimated from central and peripheral eccentricity bands across three visual areas. Statistical results from analysis of 48750 resting-state fMRI signals show evidence that nonlinear dynamics of neuronal activity in resting-state in central and peripheral eccentricity bands of human visual cortex are persistent. However, they exhibit heterogeneous variability across eccentricity bands and visual areas. Also, information content in first visual area is more ordered than in the second one, whilst information content in the third visual area is the least ordered. These interesting nonlinear statistical properties are a further step toward understanding neuronal activity and nonlinear dynamics in human brain visual cortex.     

Spontaneous emission of an excited two-level atom without both rotating-wave and Markovian approximation

The spontaneous emission of an excited atom is analyzed by quantum stochastic trajectory approach without both rotating-wave approximation and Markovian approximation. The atom finite size effect is also taken into account. We show by an example that the correction due to the counter-rotating wave term is rather small, even for the largest atomic number of real nuclei. Received 10 July 2002 / Received in final form 12 November 2002 Published online 4 February 2003     

Resonant coupling in the van der Waals interaction between an excited alkali atom and a dielectric surface: an experimental study via stepwise selective reflection spectroscopy

We present a detailed experimental study of the evaluation of the van der Waals (vW) atom-surface interaction for high-lying excited states of alkali-metal atoms (Cs and Rb), notably when they couple resonantly with a surface-polariton mode of the neighbouring dielectric surface. This report extends our initial observation [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 5467 (1999)] of a vW repulsion between Cs(6D_3/2) and a sapphire surface. The experiment is based upon FM selective reflection spectroscopy, on a transition reaching a high-lying state from a resonance level, that has been thermally pumped by an initial one-photon step. Along with a strong vW repulsion fitted with a blue lineshift, -160±25 kHz μm³ for Cs(6D_3/2) in front of a sapphire surface (with a perpendicular c-axis), we demonstrate a weaker vW repulsion (-32±5 kHz μm³) for Cs(6D_3/2) in front of a YAG surface, as due to a similar resonant coupling at 12 μm between a virtual atomic emission (6D_3/2-7P_1/2) and the surface polariton modes. A resonant behaviour of Rb(6D_5/2) in front of a sapphire surface exists also because of analogous decay channels in the 12 μm range. Finally, one demonstrates that fused silica, nonresonant for a virtual transition in the 12 μm range and hence weakly attracting for Cs(6D_3/2), exhibits a resonant behaviour for Cs(9S_1/2) as due to its surface polariton resonance in the 8-9 μm range. The limiting factors that affect both the accuracy of the theoretical prediction, and that of the fitting method applied to the experimental data, are discussed in the conclusion. Received 16 January 2003 / Received in final form 25 March 2003 Published online 5 May 2003     

Exchange coupling in ultrathin epitaxial yttrium iron garnet films

Magnetic exchange coupling has been observed for ultrathin films of yttrium iron garnet (Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ or YIG). Single-crystalline YIG films were prepared on yttrium aluminium garnet (Y₃Al₅O₁₂ or YAG) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. (111) and (110) oriented substrates were used. Film thicknesses were varied from 180 ? to 4600 ?. Epitaxial growth of YIG on YAG was obtained in spite of the lattice mismatch of 3%. Magnetic hysteresis loops recorded for ultrathin YIG films have a “bee-waist” shape and show a coupling between two different magnetic phases. The first phase is magnetically soft YIG. A composition study by secondary ion mass spectroscopy shows the second phase to be Y₃Fe_5-xAl_xO₁₂ due to the interdiffusion of Fe and Al at the film/substrate interface. This compound is known to be magnetically harder and to have weaker magnetization than YIG. The coupling of the two phases leads to a hysteresis loop displacement at low temperatures. This displacement varies differently with film thickness for two substrate orientations. Assuming an interfacial coupling, the maximal interaction energy is estimated to be about 0.17 erg/cm² at 5 K for (111) oriented sample. Received 3 June 2002 / Received in final form 7 October 2002 Published online 27 January 2003 RID="a" ID="a"Presently at LPM, Université H. Poincaré, BP 239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy e-mail: popova@lpm.u-nancy.fr     

Electron-phonon interaction in carbon schwarzites

The recent synthesis of random schwarzites has stimulated the present ab initio calculation of the electronic structure and electron-phonon interaction in two different periodic D-type schwarzites, fcc-(C₂₈)₂ (made of 24 seven-membered rings per unit cell) and fcc-(C₆₄)₂ (made of 12 eight membered and 48 six-membered rings per unit cell). Like in fullerenes, also in schwarzites the electron-phonon interaction potential is found to increase with the absolute Gauss curvature, though it remains smaller than for doped fullerenes. Received 19 December 2002 Published online 1st April 2003 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: marco.bernasconi@unimib.it