Nucleophilic proteolytic antibodies

Proteolytic antibodies appear to utilizecatalytic mechanisms akin to nonantibody serine proteases, assessed from mutagenesis and protease-inhibitor studies. The catalytic efficiency derives substantially from the ability to recognize the ground state with high affinity. Because the proteolytic activity is germline-encoded, catalysts with specificity for virtually any target polypeptide could potentially be developed by applying appropriate immunogens and selection strategies. Analysis of transition-state stabilizing interactions suggests that chemical reactivity ofactive-site serine residues is an important contributor to catalysis. A prototype antigen analog capable of reacting covalently with nucleophilic serine residues permitted enrichment of the catalysts from a phage-displayed lupus light-chain library. Further mechanistic developments in understanding proteolytic antibodies may lead to the isolation of catalysts suitable for passive immunotherapy of major diseases, and elicitation of catalytic immunity as a component of prophylactic vaccination.     

Monte Carlo simulation of spatial distribution of X rays in multifilm targets. III: optimum design as applied to W/Al‐film targets

The brightness of the X‐ray source in a W/Al‐film target used for X‐ray projection microscopy was studied by an approach using the Monte Carlo simulation. Since continuous X rays generated in a thin film have a specific angular distribution of emission, the brightness of the continuous X‐ray source cannot simply be estimated on the assumption that the angular distribution is homogeneous. The newly developed approach using the Monte Carlo simulation enables the evaluation of the effective source size, angular distribution, and brightness of a continuous X‐ray source with sufficient accuracy that it leads to the optimum design of a high‐brightness X‐ray source for uses such as X‐ray projection microscopy. The Monte Carlo calculations were performed for W(Δz)/Al (200 µm)‐film targets with different thicknesses of W film, Δz, under bombardment of 60 kV electrons. The results have suggested an optimum design consisting of a W (2 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target as most promising for providing an X‐ray source of higher brightness than the W (5 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target, which has already been in practice for X‐ray projection microscopy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New liquid‐crystal alignment agents based on fluorinated polyimides with trifluoromethyl‐substituted benzene or diphenylether in the side chain

Fluorinated copolyimides derived from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) with 4,4′‐oxydianline (ODA) and trifluoromethyl‐containing aromatic diamines have been synthesized and characterized. The trifluoromethyl‐containing diamines include 2,4‐diamino‐3′‐trifluoromethylazobenzene, 2,4‐diamino‐1‐[(4′‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) phenyl] aniline, 3,5‐diamino‐1‐[(4′‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) phenyl] benzamide, 3,5‐diamino‐1‐[(3′‐trifluoromethyl) phenyl] benzamide, 1,4‐bis(4′‐aminophenoxy)‐2‐(3′‐trifluoromethylphenyl) benzene, 3,5‐diaminobenzenetrifluoride, 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐(p‐trifluoromethyl phenoxy) triphenylamine, and 4‐[(4′‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) phenyl]‐2,6‐bis(4″‐aminophenyl)pyridine. Strong and flexible copolyimide films, produced by casting the polyamic acid solution followed by thermal imidization, exhibited great thermal stability and high mechanical properties. The polyimides had an ultraviolet–visible absorption cutoff at 330–340 nm and pretilt angles as high as 20° for nematic liquid crystals, making them great potential candidates for advanced liquid‐crystal display applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1583–1593, 2002     

NUMERICAL LOCALIZATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPERFECTIONS FROM A PERTURBATION FORMULA IN THREE DIMENSIONS

This work deals with the numerical localization of small electromagnetic inhomogeneities. The underlying inverse problem considers, in a three-dimensional bounded domain, the time-harmonic Maxwell equations formulated in electric field. Typically, the domain contains a finite number of unknown inhomogeneities of small volume and the inverse problem attempts to localize these inhomogeneities from a finite number of boundary measurements. Our localization approach is based on a recent framework that uses an asymptotic expansion for the perturbations in the tangential boundary trace of the curl of the electric field. We present three numerical localization procedures resulting from the combination of this asymptotic expansion with each of the following inversion algorithms： the Current Projection method, the MUltiple Signal Classification （MUSIC） algorithm, and an Inverse Fourier method. We perform a numerical study of the asymptotic expansion and compare the numerical results obtained from the three localization procedures in different settings.     

以系列三维立体投影实验为例谈大学物理实验中的创新型人才培养

创新能力是本世纪的核心竞争力,其关键是创新型人才的培养,这为理工类高校的实验教学提出了新的挑战.目前高校中的以学生为主体,教师为主导的大学生创新实验项目的实施是解决此挑战的有效途径之一.以笔者承担的系列三维立体投影物理实验的大学生创新实验项目为例,探讨了大学物理实验中的创新型人才培养模式.通过循序渐进的实验过程,引导学生自主搭建实验装置和编写控制程序,有效培养了学生的创新和实践能力,为高校实验教学改革提供了参考.     

高铁座椅靠背压坏笔记本显示屏谁之过

乘坐高铁时,时有发生在小桌板上使用笔记本电脑时被前排座椅靠背压坏的事故,给双方乘客均造成了不必要的经济损失。本文首先介绍了一起发生在2022年3月4日的典型案例,然后利用力学理论分析了小桌板上笔记本显示屏被压破坏的原因,最后给出了高铁座椅和小桌板的优化设计建议,为避免类似事故再次发生提供了重要的借鉴。

     

3D Reconfigurable Vectorial Holography via a Dual-Layer Hybrid Metasurface Device

Metasurface-based vectorial holography manifests itself as an advanced platform for large-capacity information storage, holographic display, and cryptography. However, a convenient and effective reconfigurable vectorial hologram generation mechanism still remains a challenge. Here, a rotation-driven reconfigurable vectorial holography scheme is developed via a dual-layer hybrid metasurface device, in which radiation-type and birefringent metasurfaces are cascaded hybridly. Thus, reconfigurable and highly customizable intensity and polarization response of holograms in the 3D space is achieved. Rotatable radiation-type metasurface (RTM) serves as an incidence-wavefront modulator to excite the non-rotatable birefringent metasurface (BM). The gradient descent optimization inverse design method is introduced to achieve the high-efficiency reconstruction of the Jones vector and Jones matrix distribution on both RTM and BM. On this basis, numerical analysis and experimental verification of 3-D reconfigurable vectorial holography are demonstrated in the microwave region. This scheme implies a new paradigm for 3-D reconfigurable vectorial holography and can lead to advances in high-capacity optical display, switchable meta-devices, and cryptography.     

激光显示照明光路中复眼透镜的设计

设计激光投影机光学系统需要从如何减小光学系统的体积和提高激光光源的光效两个方面考虑。研究了激光显示照明系统中的复眼透镜,并对设计的复眼小透镜矩形单元进行了优化,发现在复眼透镜整体尺寸和单颗复眼小透镜焦距一定的情况下,整个复眼透镜上的阵列越多,即复眼透镜上蜂窝的数量越多,其匀光效果就越好,且此时投影机系统的体积也较小。为了提高激光光源的光效,设计中对复眼透镜在不同数值孔径照明光束下的匀光效果进行了讨论。并对优化设计后的复眼透镜进行40 000条光线追迹,实验显示其光线透过率可以达到92.5%,且几乎无杂散光。     

采用大口径投影光学系统监测远场散斑特征参数

大口径投影光学系统采用低成本、大口径菲涅耳透镜制作,可将远场散斑强度分布投影到CCD成像探测器上。通过CCD图像处理,能够对给定孔径上的接收功率、闪烁指数进行量化评估;在接收孔径足够大、保障散斑不会因为光束漂移效应而脱离菲涅耳透镜的条件下,该系统还可以对光束漂移和特征半径进行量化评估。同时讨论了CCD像元响应非均匀性误差及其影响、CCD辐照响应函数和图像几何投影系数的定标方法。实验表明,系统能够对激光大气传输过程中的远场散斑特征参数进行监测。特别对自由空间激光通信系统而言,可以为大气衰减和多种大气湍流效应综合作用下的中值电平慢衰落研究和检测阈值优化设计提供实验数据支撑。     

厚壁空心微球的球形度和壁厚均匀性的表征研究

为建立高效简洁的厚壁空心微球球形度和壁厚均匀性的表征和测量方法,以内径850 m、壁厚25 m的厚壁聚苯乙烯（PS）微球为测量对象,分析球形度和壁厚均匀性的表征方法,探讨测量过程中采样方式对表征微球球形度和壁厚均匀性的影响。研究表明：对于批量微球球形度和壁厚均匀性的表征,当抽样数目不小于30时,测量结果之间的差异很小;而对于单一微球的球形度和壁厚均匀性的表征,至少3个不同投影面的测量结果的平均值才趋于稳定。不同投影面导致球形度或壁厚均匀性较差的批次样品的测量结果有一定差异,多次投影测量可提高测量结果的可靠性。