2017年全国高考理综化学试题分析——基于布卢姆的教育目标分类学

利用修订版的布卢姆教育目标分类学的二维分类表,对2017年全国高考新课标Ⅰ卷理综化学试题考查的知识类型与认知水平进行统计与分析,目的是能够在一定程度上反映试题对学生在内容掌握上的具体要求。根据定量的表格呈现试题在知识维度和认知过程维度上的考查情况,并给予定性的阐述。最后对试题做出整体评价。     

基于化学知识与教学能力考试的化学教师教育课程改革探讨

介绍了《化学学科知识与教学能力（初级中学）考试大纲》和《化学学科知识与教学能力（高级中学）考试大纲》的结构与价值取向,从理念、内容、评价等角度分析了考试改革对化学教师教育课程的影响,探讨了化学教师教育课程改革的原则,并从培养目标审核、能力目标分解等方面提出了改革建议。     

Developing flexible procedural knowledge in undergraduate calculus

Mathematics experts often choose appropriate procedures to produce an efficient or elegant solution to a mathematical task. This flexible procedural knowledge distinguishes novice and expert procedural performances. This article reports on an intervention intended to aid the development of undergraduate calculus students’ flexible use of procedures. Two sections of the same course were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. Treatment students completed an assignment on which they resolved derivative-finding problems with alternative methods and compared the two resulting solutions. Control students were assigned a list of functions to differentiate. On the post-intervention test, treatment students were more likely to use a variety of solution methods without prompting than the control. Moreover, the set of treatment section solutions were closer to those of a group of mathematics experts. This study presents evidence that not only is flexible procedural knowledge a key skill in tertiary mathematics, it can be taught.     

Bayesian Variable Selection on Model Spaces Constrained by Heredity Conditions

This article investigates Bayesian variable selection when there is a hierarchical dependence structure on the inclusion of predictors in the model. In particular, we study the type of dependence found in polynomial response surfaces of orders two and higher, whose model spaces are required to satisfy weak or strong heredity conditions. These conditions restrict the inclusion of higher-order terms depending upon the inclusion of lower-order parent terms. We develop classes of priors on the model space, investigate their theoretical and finite sample properties, and provide a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm for searching the space of models. The tools proposed allow fast and thorough exploration of model spaces that account for hierarchical polynomial structure in the predictors and provide control of the inclusion of false positives in high posterior probability models.     

Post-primary students’ images of mathematics: findings from a survey of Irish ordinary level mathematics students

A questionnaire survey was carried out as part of a PhD research study to investigate the image of mathematics held by post-primary students in Ireland. The study focused on students in fifth year of post-primary education studying ordinary level mathematics for the Irish Leaving Certificate examination – the final examination for students in second-level or post-primary education. At the time this study was conducted, ordinary level mathematics students constituted approximately 72% of Leaving Certificate students. Students were aged between 15 and 18 years. A definition for ‘image of mathematics’ was adapted from Lim and Wilson, with image of mathematics hypothesized as comprising attitudes, beliefs, self-concept, motivation, emotions and past experiences of mathematics. A questionnaire was composed incorporating 84 fixed-response items chosen from eight pre-established scales by Aiken, Fennema and Sherman, Gourgey and Schoenfeld. This paper focuses on the findings from the questionnaire survey. Students’ images of mathematics are compared with regard to gender, type of post-primary school attended and prior mathematical achievement.     

Mathematics university teachers' perception of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK)

Teaching mathematics in university levels is one of the most important fields of research in the area of mathematics education. Nevertheless, there is little information about teaching knowledge of mathematics university teachers. Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) provides a suitable framework to study knowledge of teachers. The purpose of this paper is to make explicit the perception of mathematics university teachers about PCK. For this purpose, a phenomenological study was done. Data resources included semi-structured interviews with 10 mathematics university teachers who were in different places of the mathematics university teaching experience spectrum. Data analysis indicated a model consisting of four cognitive themes which are mathematics syntactic knowledge, knowledge about mathematics curriculum planning, knowledge about students' mathematics learning and knowledge about creating an influential mathematics teaching–learning environment. Besides, it was found out that three contextual themes influenced on PCK for teaching mathematics in university levels which were the nature of mathematics subjects, university teachers' features and terms of learning environment.     

A note on some joint distribution functions involving the time of ruin

In a recent paper, Willmot (2015) derived an expression for the joint distribution function of the time of ruin and the deficit at ruin in the classical risk model. We show how his approach can be applied to obtain a simpler expression, and by interpreting this expression by probabilistic reasoning we obtain solutions for more general risk models. We also discuss how some of Willmot’s results relate to existing literature on the probability and severity of ruin.     

无人机健康诊断知识库建立研究

针对无人机健康诊断系统的设计,研究了健康诊断专家知识库的建立方法。介绍了基于规则的专家知识库的含义及其对无人机设计的要求,阐述了故障树与故障模式判据表的形成方法。故障树分析基于故障因果逻辑,逐层找出故障事件的原因,保证专家知识逻辑上的完备性。故障模式判据表将抽象的专家知识具体化为多个能够在工程上应用的要素。提出了一种故障树分析与故障判据规则相结合的建立健康诊断专家知识库的方法。从某型大气数据系统的组成及原理出发,以大气数据系统真空速失效为顶事件,构造了故障树和故障模式判据表。结果表明,结合故障树和故障模式判据表格构造的专家知识库清晰、简洁,具有很高的工程实用价值,能够应用于无人机健康诊断系统的设计。     

Existence of Bayesian Estimates for the Polychotomous Quantal Response Models

This paper investigates the existence of Bayesian estimates for polychotomous quantal response models using a uniform improper prior distribution on the regression parameters. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the propriety of the posterior distribution with a general link function are established. In addition, the sufficient conditions for the existence of the posterior moments and the posterior moment generating function are obtained. It is also found that the propriety guarantees the existence of the maximum likelihood estimate.     

The difference between common knowledge of formulas and sets

Common knowledge can be defined in at least two ways: syntactically as the common knowledge of a set of formulas or semantically, as the meet of the knowledge partitions of the agents. In the multi-agent S5 logic with either finitely or countably many agents and primitive propositions, the semantic definition is the finer one. For every subset of formulas that can be held in common knowledge, there is either only one member or uncountably many members of the meet partition with this subset of formulas held in common knowledge. If there are at least two agents, there are uncountably many members of the meet partition where only the tautologies of the multi-agent S5 logic are held in common knowledge. Whether or not a member of the meet partition is the only one corresponding to a set of formulas held in common knowledge has radical implications for its topological and combinatorial structure.