An algebraic theory of strong power in negatively connected exchange networks

Various extensions of the model are proposed to deal with a wider variety of conditions than are normally examined in experiments on exchange networks. With little or no modification, the model can predict power when exchange relations are unequal in value, when positions vary in the number of exchanges in which they can participate, and when three or more participants are required for a transaction to occur.

A structural and algebraic theory of power in negatively connected exchange networks can be deduced from a few simple and plausible assumptions about how individuals make decisions. The model generates a set of equations. A typology of exchange networks follows from characteristics of the solution to these equations. There are four possibilities: the equations have a unique solution in which some positions have all the power; the equations have a unique solution in which all positions have equal power; the equations have an infinity of solutions, in which case power is undetermined by structural considerations; the equations have no solution, in which case power should be unstable.     

On Fliess operators driven by L 2-Itô processes

Fliess operators, which are a type of functional series expansion, have been used to describe a broad class of nonlinear input–output maps driven by deterministic inputs. But in most applications, a system's inputs have noise components. This paper has three objectives. The first objective is to show that the notion of a Fliess operator can be generalized to admit a class of L ₂-Itô stochastic input processes. The next objective is to show that they converge absolutely over an arbitrarily large but finite time interval when a certain coefficient growth condition is met. However, a significant number of systems fail to meet this condition. Thus, the final objective is to consider an interval of convergence having a random length so that a Fliess operator might converge under less restrictive growth conditions.     

Cross-country skiing motion equations,locomotive forces and mass scaling laws

This article presents differential equations for locomotive force and velocity during cross-country skiing. A muscle's work power is modelled. Thereafter, a locomotive force that depends on the skier's velocity is constructed. The external forces aerodynamic drag, friction forces and the force of gravity are incorporated in order to provide the equation of motion. Some allometric mass scaling relations are established and used to analyse the effect of a skier's mass on velocity. The model is tested by using a GPS instrument. We compare analytically and experimentally determined skiing distances and velocities as functions of time, and under different conditions. The article provides tools useful for practising athletes and coaches.     

Bond graph model-based system mode identification and mode-dependent fault thresholds for hybrid systems

Hybrid system models exploit the modelling abstraction that fast state transitions take place instantaneously so that they encompass discrete events and the continuous time behaviour for the while of a system mode. If a system is in a certain mode, e.g. two rigid bodies stick together, then residuals of analytical redundancy relations (ARRs) within certain small bounds indicate that the system is healthy. An unobserved mode change, however, invalidates the current model for the dynamic behaviour. As a result, ARR residuals may exceed current thresholds indicating faults in system components that have not happened. The paper shows that ARR residuals derived from a bond graph cannot only serve as fault indicators but may also be used for bond graph model-based system mode identification. ARR residuals are numerically computed in an off-line simulation by coupling a bond graph of the faulty system to a non-faulty system bond graph through residual sinks. In real-time simulation, the faulty system model is to be replaced by measurements from the real system. As parameter values are uncertain, it is important to determine adaptive ARR thresholds that, given uncertain parameters, allow to decide whether the dynamic behaviour in a current system mode is the one of the healthy system so that false alarms or overlooking of true faults can be avoided. The paper shows how incremental bond graphs can be used to determine adaptive mode-dependent ARR thresholds for switched linear time-invariant systems with uncertain parameters in order to support robust fault detection. Bond graph-based hybrid system mode identification as well as the determination of adaptive fault thresholds is illustrated by application to a power electronic system easy to survey. Some simulation results have been analytically validated.     

An adaptive improvement on PageRank algorithm

In this article, we introduce the Google’s method for quality ranking of web page in a formal mathematical format, use the power iteration to improve the PageRank, and also discuss the effect of different q to the PageRank, as well as how a PageRank will be changed if more links are added to one page or removed from some pages.     

基于网络均衡的电力市场排污权交易政策研究

本文构建了电力供应链网络均衡模型,网络中包含三级决策主体,分别是:发电厂、电力服务商和用电市场.在分析各级决策者行为的基础上,得到了基于变分不等式的均衡条件,研究了针对发电厂的排污权交易政策设计问题.研究发现:排污交易政策实施后,总排污量不会超过给定的排污权总量;发电厂清洁生产能力的差异对排污权交易政策影响显著.     

合作目标对激光测距能力的影响分析

根据激光测距方程,分别建立了激光测距机漫反射目标及合作目标测距能力的理论模型。通过数值计算,研究了不同大气能见度条件下及不同激光发射束散角条件下配置合作目标对激光测距能力的影响。结果表明,配置合作目标可有效提高测距能力,并且在有合作目标条件下可有效降低激光发射功率,进一步为提高人眼安全提供保障。     

Modulation of electroencephalograph activity by manual acupuncture stimulation in healthy subjects:An autoregressive spectral analysis

To investigate whether and how manual acupuncture(MA) modulates brain activities,we design an experiment where acupuncture at acupoint ST36 of the right leg is used to obtain electroencephalograph(EEG) signals in healthy subjects.We adopt the autoregressive(AR) Burg method to estimate the power spectrum of EEG signals and analyze the relative powers in delta(0 Hz-4 Hz),theta(4 Hz-8 Hz),alpha(8 Hz-13 Hz),and beta(13 Hz-30 Hz) bands.Our results show that MA at ST36 can significantly increase the EEG slow wave relative power(delta band) and reduce the fast wave relative powers(alpha and beta bands),while there are no statistical differences in theta band relative power between different acupuncture states.In order to quantify the ratio of slow to fast wave EEG activity,we compute the power ratio index.It is found that the MA can significantly increase the power ratio index,especially in frontal and central lobes.All the results highlight the modulation of brain activities with MA and may provide potential help for the clinical use of acupuncture.The proposed quantitative method of acupuncture signals may be further used to make MA more standardized.