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11.
12.
Yunhui Tang Yuxuan Zhang Jinliang Yang Jun Nie 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2017,55(2):313-320
Photopolymerization is extensively used in today's industrial field due to its advantages of rapid reaction, environmental friendly, energy saving and economical. Benzophenone is a most common photoinitiator (PI) using in photopolymerization because of its superior ability to initiate acrylate monomers. However, the intrinsic nature of initiator molecules is that they migrate out of polymer network, which limits its application, especially in the domain of food packaging materials. A polymerizable PI 4‐methylbenzophenone acrylate (MBPAc) was synthesized by a facile procedure and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS analyses. A systematic study of the photopolymerization kinetics of MBPAc was explored by the Real‐Time Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. The results show that the final conversion and photopolymerization rate of acrylate monomers are closely related to the factors of their chemical structure, viscosity, functionality and light intensity, which means MBPAc is an efficient PI. Ultraviolet‐visible Spectrophotometer and vitro cytotoxicity measurement results indicate that the noncytotoxic MBPAc shows significantly lower migration than its analogue. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 313–320 相似文献
13.
Synthesis and structure‐activity relationship of several aromatic ketone‐based two‐photon initiators
Zhiquan Li Marton Siklos Niklas Pucher Klaus Cicha Aliasghar Ajami Wolfgang Husinsky Arnulf Rosspeintner Eric Vauthey Georg Gescheidt Jürgen Stampfl Robert Liska 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(17):3688-3699
Several novel aromatic ketone‐based two‐photon initiators containing triple bonds and dialkylamino groups were synthesized and the structure‐activity relationships were evaluated. Branched alkyl chains were used at the terminal donor groups to improve the solubility in the multifunctional monomers. Because of the long conjugation length and good coplanarity, the evaluated initiators showed large two‐photon cross section values, while their fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields strongly depend on the solvent polarity. All novel initiators exhibited high activity in terms of two‐photon‐induced microfabrication. This is especially true for fluorenone‐based derivatives, which displayed much broader processing windows than well‐known highly active initiators from the literature and commercially available initiators. While the new photoinitiators gave high reactivity in two‐photon‐induced photopolymerization at concentration as low as 0.1% wt, these compounds are surprisingly stable under one photon condition and nearly no photo initiation activity was found in classical photo DSC experiment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
14.
A novel polymeric photoinitiator P(MPBP‐co‐DMAEMA), bearing side‐chain benzophenone (BP) and coinitiator amine, was synthesized through free radical copolymerization of a polymerizable photoinitiator, 4‐[(4‐maleimido)phenoxy]benzophenone (MPBP), and a polymerizable coinitiator amine, N, N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). In order to find out the influences of coinitiator amine on photopolymerization, a polymeric coinitiator amine, P(DMAEMA), was also synthesized for comparison. FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and GPC analyses confirm the structures of polymers. The UV‐Vis spectra of polymeric photoinitiator P(MPBP‐co‐DMAEMA) and polymerizable photoinitiator MPBP are similar, and both exhibit high red‐shifted maximal absorption as compared with BP. The photopolymerization of 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), initiated by MPBP/DMAEMA, MPBP/P(DMAEMA), and P(MPBP‐co‐DMAEMA) systems, was studied by photo‐DSC. The results indicate that P(MPBP‐co‐DMAEMA) is most efficient for the polymerization of both HDDA and TMPTA, and MPBP/P(DMAEMA) is the least efficient of the three photoinitiating systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Gorkem Yilmaz Alev Tuzun Yusuf Yagci 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2010,48(22):5120-5125
A thioxanthone (TX) derivative with the additional carbazole chromophore, namely thioxanthone‐carbazole (TX‐C) was synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties and its efficiency to polymerize methyl methacrylate both in the presence and absence of N,N‐dimethylaniline (DMA) as coinitiator was investigated and compared with that of the commercially available TX. TX‐C was found to display better photophysical properties and in both cases initiate polymerization more efficiently. Detailed real‐time Fourier transform infrared studies revealed that high polymerization rates can be obtained when TX‐C in conjunction with DMA was used. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010 相似文献
16.
Hisatoshi Kura Kan Fujihara Akira Kimura Teruhisa Ohno Michio Matsumura Yoshinori Hirata Tadashi Okada 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2001,39(23):2937-2946
The anthracene‐sensitized photodecomposition of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate was studied in an epoxy matrix. From steady‐state photolysis, the generation of protons, which are considered to be the actual initiators of the polymerization of epoxides, was confirmed. In addition, 9‐phenylanthracene was detected as a main product from anthracene. From time‐resolved laser‐flash photolysis, a broad absorption band with a peak at about 500 nm was observed that was thought to be due to the precursor of 9‐phenylanthracene. On the basis of these results, we propose electron transfer from anthracene in the excited singlet state to the diphenyliodonium cation as the initial step of photoacid generation. This process is followed by fast chemical reactions, which generate 9‐phenylanthracene and protons, and back electron transfer from the diphenyliodine radical to the anthracene cation radical. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2937–2946, 2001 相似文献
17.
Gokhan Temel Nurcan Karaca Nergis Arsu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2010,48(23):5306-5312
Main chain polymeric benzophenone photoinitiator (PBP) was synthesized by using “Thiol‐ene Click Chemistry” and characterized with 1H NMR, FTIR, UV, and phosphorescence spectroscopies. PBP as a polymeric photoinitiator presented excellent absorption properties (ε294 = 28,300 mol?1L?1cm?1) compared to the molecular initiator BP (ε252 = 16,600 mol?1L?1cm?1). The triplet energy of PBP was obtained from the phosphorescence measurement in 2‐methyl tetrahydrofurane at 77 K as 298.3 kJ/mol and according to phosphorescence lifetime, the lowest triplet state of PBP has an n‐π* nature. Triplet–triplet absorption spectrum of PBP at 550 nm following laser excitation (355 nm) were recorded and triplet lifetime of PBP was found as 250 ns. The photoinitiation efficiency of PBP was determined for the polymerization of Hexanedioldiacrylate (HDDA) with PBP and BP in the presence of a coinitiator namely, N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) by Photo‐DSC. The initiation efficiency of PBP for polymerization of HDDA is much higher than for the formulation consisting of BP. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010 相似文献
18.
《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2018,56(8):889-899
The ever increasing applications of photopolymers from historical thin (<50 µm) coatings to very deep samples (>1 cm) require the development of robust 4D monitoring strategies able to assess photopolymerization efficiencies (first dimension) as a function of time (second dimension) and position (third and fourth dimensions). Therefore, here, we demonstrated that thermal imaging is a valuable photopolymerization monitoring device showing: (a) very high response times (<1 s); (b) high repeatability of the measurement; (c) strong adaptability of the setup to various conditions (e.g., onto irregular surfaces or inside a real time Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer (RT‐FTIR)); (d) extremely deep photopolymerization follow‐ups (and subsequent rationalization) with good resolution in time and in space (real‐time thermal imaging microscopy experiments); (e) adaptability to applied materials. This monitoring strategy was found particularly robust when taking into account all the heat generating phenomena (i.e., direct heating from the lamp vs. temperature raised due to monomer conversion). As a result, we propose thermal imaging as the next reference monitoring system for the new ranges of thick and/or filled samples (e.g., 3D objects, composites) and/or applied photopolymerizations (e.g., 3D printing) more and more present in the literature. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 889–899 相似文献
19.
Structure/reactivity/photoinitiation ability relationships in novel benzo pyrazolo (or imidazo) isoquinolinone derivatives upon visible light LEDs
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Pu Xiao Frédéric Dumur Jing Zhang Mariem Bouzrati‐Zerelli Bernadette Graff Didier Gigmes Jacques Lalevée 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2015,53(15):1806-1815
Isoquinolinone derivatives bearing amino‐ or nitro‐ substituent (IQNs) have been synthesized as photoinitiators and combined with various additives (i.e., iodonium salt, N‐vinylcarbazole, amine or 2,4,6‐tris(trichloromethyl)?1,3,5‐triazine) to initiate ring‐opening cationic polymerizations (CP) or free radical polymerizations under exposure to visible LEDs (e.g., LEDs at 405 nm or 455 nm, or cold white LED) or a halogen lamp. Compared to the well‐known camphorquinone‐based systems, the novel IQNs‐based combinations employed here demonstrate higher efficiencies for the CP of epoxides. The photochemically generated reactive species (i.e., cations and radicals) from the IQNs‐based systems have been investigated by steady state photolysis, cyclic voltammetry, fluorescence, laser flash photolysis, and electron spin resonance spin trapping techniques. The structure/reactivity/photoinitiating ability relationships of IQNs‐based combinations are also discussed; the crucial role of the excited state lifetimes of the photoinitiators to ensure efficient quenching by additives is clearly underlined. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1806–1815 相似文献
20.
Iron complexes as photoinitiators for radical and cationic polymerization through photoredox catalysis processes
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Jing Zhang Damien Campolo Frederic Dumur Pu Xiao Jean Pierre Fouassier Didier Gigmes Jacques Lalevée 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2015,53(1):42-49
Six iron complexes (FeCs) with various ligands have been designed and synthesized. In combination with additives (e.g., iodonium salt, N‐vinylcarbazole, amine, or chloro triazine), the FeC‐based systems are able to efficiently generate radicals, cations, and radical cations on a near UV or visible light‐emitting diode (LED) exposure. These systems are characterized by an unprecedented reactivity, that is, for very low content 0.02% FeC‐based systems is still highly efficient in photopolymerization contrary to the most famous reference systems (Bisacylphosphine oxide) illustrating the performance of the proposed catalytic approach. This work paves the way for polymerization in soft conditions (e.g., on LED irradiation). These FeC‐based systems exhibit photocatalytic properties, undergo the formation of radicals, radical cations, and cations and can operate through oxidation or/and reduction cycles. The photochemical mechanisms for the formation of the initiating species are studied using steady state photolysis, cyclic voltammetry, electron spin resonance spin trapping, and laser flash photolysis techniques. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 42–49 相似文献