Heat exchanger design based on chaotic advection

Experiments on hydrodynamic and heat transfer behavior of the flow in a twisted curved channel were conducted in a water tunnel and also in two heat exchanger coils tested in a heat exchanger test facility. The flow regime, designated “chaotic advection,” is a subclass of laminar flow with high mixing properties. Preliminary results show that heat transfer is enhanced due to the chaotic trajectories generated in the flow.     

Fractal structures in turbulence

We present a qualitative overview of our work on the issue of fractal structures in turbulence. We explain why fully developed turbulence is not space filling and describe how its fractal dimension can be estimated theoretically. The implications of the fractal nature of turbulence on transport processes like turbulent diffusion and on fluctuations in passive scalars are discussed. The latter affect wave propagation in turbulent media and these effects are examined. In addition we consider clouds in the atmosphere which are claimed to have fractal perimeters (or surfaces) and outline the physical reasons for this phenomenon. The fractal dimension of clouds is tied to the theory of turbulent diffusion and is computed theoretically. Indications of the road ahead are given.     

一种新型固体Q开关——Cr^4＋：YAG的实验研究

对一种适用于Ｎｄ＾３＋：ＹＡＧ激光系统的新型波动Ｑ开关－掺铬钇铝石榴石（Ｃｒ＾４＋：ＹＡＧ）进行了实验研究，得到单脉冲量为１４５ｍＪ，脉宽为３０～４０ｎｓ，效率接近１％，动静比达４０％以上的结果。     

The Design of Passive Optical Networking+Ethernet over Coaxial Cable Access Networking and Video-on-Demand Services Carrying

Abstract

Video on demand is a very attractive service used for entertainment, education, and other purposes. The design of passive optical networking+Ethernet over coaxial cable accessing and a home gateway system is proposed. The network integrates the passive optical networking and Ethernet over coaxial cable to provide high dedicated bandwidth for the metropolitan video-on-demand services. Using digital video broadcasting, IP television protocol, unicasting, and broadcasting mechanisms maximizes the system throughput. The home gateway finishes radio frequency signal receiving and provides three kinds of interfaces for high-definition video, voice, and data, which achieves triple-play and wire/wireless access synchronously.     

Bidirectional Wavelength Reconfigurable Module Based on Tunable Fiber Bragg Grating and Remote Pump Amplifier

Abstract

This article presents a novel bidirectional wavelength reconfigurable optical network utilizing a remotely pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier and tunable fiber Bragg gratings. The system is experimentally demonstrated at a 10-Gb/s per channel over 20-km fiber span that verifies the metro-network range system performance. The achieved power penalty is less than 1 dB when compared to the back-to-back transmission link. An example of practical application where the proposed module is used as an add/drop multiplexer and a remote node in the bidirectional wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network system is described.     

All‐optical virtual private network in passive optical networks

We review recent progress on all‐optical virtual‐private‐network (VPN) schemes in passive optical networks (PONs). PON is a promising candidate in future access areas to provide broadband services with low cost. With all‐optical virtual private network (VPN) function, PON can support efficient internetworking among end users with dedicated optical channels, thus enabling guaranteed bandwidth and enhanced security at the physical layer. Here, we discuss and compare existing schemes of all‐optical VPNs in time‐division‐multiplexed (TDM) PONs, and also recently proposed schemes for deployment in wavelength‐division‐multiplexed (WDM) PONs and two‐stage TDM/WDM PONs.     

Salinity and pH as factors affecting the passive sampling and extraction of pharmaceuticals from water

Passive sampling is an attractive technique for the long‐term monitoring of pharmaceuticals in the water environment. The reliability of the received results depends on the properly performed calibration, namely the determination of analyte sampling rates. This step can be the source of a systematic error, as the sampling rate values are dependent on the water donor phase parameters. This is especially important for pharmaceuticals, since their chemical characteristics and ionic form change with pH. In this study, the cross‐effect of pH (3, 7, and 9) and salinity (0, 7, and 35 practical salinity unit, using artificial sea water) on the passive sampling of 21 pharmaceuticals (antiparasitics, beta‐blockers, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, sulfonamides) was tested. The primarily determined parameter was the sampling rate. In addition, the extraction efficiency, partitioning coefficient, and the concentration of the analytes on the sorbent were calculated. Generally, for the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, beta‐blockers, and antiparasitics, the change both in pH and salinity had a negligible impact on the mentioned experimental parameters. In contrast, the extraction of sulfonamides was impacted by both pH and salinity, while lipophilicity was not a decisive parameter.     

Anodic oxide growth on Zr in neutral aqueous solution

Anodization and subsequent cathodic reactions on a thin-film sample of Zr were studied with in-situ neutron reflectometry (NR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The NR results during anodization showed the originally 485 Å thick Zr film generally behaved similar to a bulk electrode in neutral solution. The anodization ratio measured at applied potentials increased in steps of 0.5 V was somewhat higher than the value determined by coulometry, while the Pilling Bedworth ratio is in good agreement with published data. Thickening of the oxide layer, accelerated immediately after each potential increase, gradually decreased over several hours, but remained nonzero even after ～12 h. The thickened oxide eventually cracked when its thickness reached ～120 Å, causing loss of passivation. Surprisingly, neither the anodization ratio nor the Pilling Bedworth ratio showed any discontinuity at the time of oxide cracking, and the EIS behaviour remained qualitatively as before. This observation is taken as the evidence that the cracked and intact regions of the electrode behave more or less independently as parallel electrodes. When the potential was eventually switched to cathodic polarity, NR shows, as expected, that the effects of oxide cracking were irreversible. However, the electrode resistance recovered partially suggesting the cracks were rapidly plugged with newly formed oxide.     

椭圆型保偏光纤耦合器的研制

保偏光纤耦合器是干涉仪和光纤陀螺仪的关键器件。介绍了用匹配型椭圆包层保偏光纤制作保偏光纤耦合器的工艺流程、测试结果以及分光比随温度的变化情况。试验结果表明,保偏光纤耦合器的综合性能指标,尤其是附加损耗和温度性能达到了国内领先水平。     

22Cr双相不锈钢钝化膜组成及其半导体性能研究

借助于Mott-Schottky方程分析了成膜电位、成膜时间、成膜温度以及氯离子等因素对22Cr双相不锈钢在碳酸氢钠/碳酸钠缓冲溶液中所成钝化膜半导体性能的影响, 同时借助于X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术分析了所成钝化膜的组成. 结果表明: 22Cr双相不锈钢在碳酸氢钠/碳酸钠缓冲溶液中所成钝化膜呈n-p型半导体结构, 钝化膜内施主/受主密度随成膜电位增加、成膜时间延长、成膜温度降低、以及介质中氯离子浓度的降低而减小, 同时膜对基体保护作用随这些因素变化而增强. 钝化膜的XPS分析表明, 钝化膜呈现双层结构, 外层膜主要由三价铁的氧化物(Fe2O3)组成, 内层膜主要由三价铬氧化物(Cr2O3)以及少量二价铁氧化物(FeO)组成.