Energy-Efficient Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks Based on Sleep Mode and Heuristic Optimization

Abstract

In this article, an energy-efficiency mechanism for next-generation passive optical networks is investigated through heuristic particle swarm optimization. Ten-gigabit Ethernet–wavelength division multiplexing optical code division multiplexing–passive optical network next-generation passive optical networks are based on the use of a legacy 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network with the advantage of using only an en/decoder pair of optical code division multiplexing technology, thus eliminating the en/decoder at each optical network unit. The proposed joint mechanism is based on the sleep-mode power-saving scheme for a 10-gigabit Ethernet–passive optical network, combined with a power control procedure aiming to adjust the transmitted power of the active optical network units while maximizing the overall energy-efficiency network. The particle swarm optimization based power control algorithm establishes the optimal transmitted power in each optical network unit according to the network pre-defined quality of service requirements. The objective is controlling the power consumption of the optical network unit according to the traffic demand by adjusting its transmitter power in an attempt to maximize the number of transmitted bits with minimum energy consumption, achieving maximal system energy efficiency. Numerical results have revealed that it is possible to save 75% of energy consumption with the proposed particle swarm optimization based sleep-mode energy-efficiency mechanism compared to 55% energy savings when just a sleeping-mode-based mechanism is deployed.     

Passive Broadband Reflector: Elaboration and Spectral Properties

Abstract

We present passive broadening obtained by assembling two layers of cholesteric photo-polymerisable monomers having different pitches at the same temperature. A more or less large diffusion occurs between the two layers, which is dependent of various parameters such as degree of cross-linking of the two layers, temperature dependence, time evolution at a given temperature, thickness of the layers… The presented work consider the spectral properties of the sandwich structure and its correlation with the diffusion profile at the interface between the two layers. The band shape of the reflected and transmitted light were studied. Then, the reflected intensity shows a widening of the reflection associated with the existence of a pitch gradient inside the sample, which can be blocked by photo-polymerisation. At short time, the two peaks corresponding to each liquid crystal polymer are still present but the diffusion occurs at the interface. After a longer time, the broadening band still decreases and a single large peak is observed.     

Generalised scale-by-scale energy-budget equations and large-eddy simulations of anisotropic scalar turbulence at various Schmidt numbers

A necessary condition for the accurate prediction of turbulent flows using large-eddy simulation (LES) is the correct representation of energy transfer between the different scales of turbulence in the LES. For scalar turbulence, transfer of energy between turbulent length scales is described by a transport equation for the second moment of the scalar increment. For homogeneous isotropic turbulence, the underlying equation is the well-known Yaglom equation. In the present work, we study the turbulent mixing of a passive scalar with an imposed mean gradient by homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Both direct numerical simulations (DNS) and LES are performed for this configuration at various Schmidt numbers, ranging from 0.11 to 5.56. As the assumptions made in the derivation of the Yaglom equation are violated for the case considered here, a generalised Yaglom equation accounting for anisotropic effects, induced by the mean gradient, is derived in this work. This equation can be interpreted as a scale-by-scale energy-budget equation, as it relates at a certain scale r terms representing the production, turbulent transport, diffusive transport and dissipation of scalar energy. The equation is evaluated for the conducted DNS, followed by a discussion of physical effects present at different scales for various Schmidt numbers. For an analysis of the energy transfer in LES, a generalised Yaglom equation for the second moment of the filtered scalar increment is derived. In this equation, new terms appear due to the interaction between resolved and unresolved scales. In an a-priori test, this filtered energy-budget equation is evaluated by means of explicitly filtered DNS data. In addition, LES calculations of the same configuration are performed, and the energy budget as well as the different terms are thereby analysed in an a-posteriori test. It is shown that LES using an eddy viscosity model is able to fulfil the generalised filtered Yaglom equation for the present configuration. Further, the dependence of the terms appearing in the filtered energy-budget equation on varying Schmidt numbers is discussed.     

Controlled mixing enhancement in turbulent rectangular jets responding to periodically forced inflow conditions

We present numerical studies of active flow control applied to jet flow. We focus on rectangular jets, which are more unstable than their circular counterparts. The higher level of instability is expressed mainly by an increased intensity of mixing of the main flow with its surroundings. We analyse jets with aspect ratio A_r = 1, A_r = 2 and A_r = 3 at Re = 10,000. It is shown that the application of control with a suitable excitation (forcing) at the jet nozzle can amplify the mixing and qualitatively alter the character of the flow. This can result in an increased spreading rate of the jet or even splitting into nearly separate streams. The excitations studied are obtained from a superposition of axial and flapping forcing terms. We consider the effect of varying parameters such as the frequency of the excitations and phase shift between forcing components. The amplitude of the forcing is 10% of the inlet centreline jet velocity and the forcing frequencies correspond to Strouhal numbers in a range St = 0.3–0.7. It is shown that qualitatively different flow regimes and a rich variety of possible flow behaviours can be achieved simply by changing aspect ratio and forcing parameters. The numerical results are obtained applying large eddy simulation in combination with a high-order compact difference code for incompressible flows. The solutions are validated based on experimental data from literature for non-excited jets for A_r = 1 at Re = 1.84 × 10⁵ and A_r = 2 at Re = 1.28 × 10⁵. Both the mean velocities as well as their fluctuations are predicted with good accuracy.     

A cost-effective structure of a centralized-light-source WDM-PON utilizing inverse-duobinary-RZ downstream and DPSK upstream

In this paper, we propose a new structure of a centralized-light-source wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) utilizing inverse-duobinary-return-to-zero (inverse-duobinary-RZ) downstream and DPSK upstream. It reuses downstream light for the upstream modulation, which retrenches lasers assembled at each optical network unit (ONU), and ultimately cuts down the cost of ONUs a great deal. Meanwhile, a 50-km-reach WDM-PON experiment with 10-Gb/s inverse-duobinary-RZ downstream and 6-Gb/s DPSK upstream is demonstrated here. It is revealed to be a novel cost-effective alternative for the next generation access network.     

全光纤超短脉冲掺Yb3+光纤环形激光器

讨论了自启动被动锁模掺Yb³⁺光纤环形激光器产生短脉冲的机理，并研制出全光纤结构超短脉冲掺Yb³⁺光纤环形激光器.采用两个976nm半导体激光器级联抽运作为抽运源，高掺杂浓度掺Yb³⁺光纤作为增益介质，利用光纤的非线性偏振旋转效应，得到自启动、十分稳定的ps量级锁模光脉冲.激光器锁模阈值功率260mW，输出功率25mW，锁模光脉冲中心波长1056nm，3dB带宽11.7nm，重复频率20MHz.与其他结构光纤激光器相比，这种全光纤结构具有更高的效率和更好的稳定性. 关键词： 环形光纤激光器 3+光纤')" href="#">高掺杂浓度掺Yb³⁺光纤 自启动 被动锁模     

建筑结构的SMA被动振动控制方法

文章根据Robery K等研制的SMA中心牵引型耗能器的基本原理，设计出一种具有自我保护能力的新型耗能器，并建立了对应的力学模型。在此基础上，利用Brinson相变发展的本构模型从热力学第一定律出发建立了耗能器的热力学平衡方程式，为了探讨耗能器在结构中的被动控制效果，文章以三层单跨框架结构为例建立了结构在耗能器作用下的动力学方程式。最后，文章分别对耗能器与框架结构进行了数值仿真计算。结果表明，耗能器的耗能能力随温度的升高而下降，通过温控器的调节或改变相变温度点，可以使耗能器处于最佳耗能状态；SMA耗能丝材愈短，在相同的耗能器行程下，丝材应变愈大，相变发展愈充分，耗能量愈大，但最大应变不能超过材料的最大可恢复应变；SMA耗能器对结构在地震作用下的动力响应具有较显著的抑制作用，位移的峰值衰减率约50％一70％。     

The effect of nonmetallic element P in electroless Ni‐P coating on the passivation process during chemical conversion treatment

Pure Ni and electroless Ni‐P coating (ENPC) were passivated by a chemical conversion treatment. The passive films formed on pure Ni and ENPCs (with content of P 2.9, 7.2 and 11.7 at.% respectively) were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High‐resolution XPS was also used to analyze the chemical states of the elements detected in the passive films. The results indicated that the detected Ni and P were in elemental states, and no compound with Ni and P element was detected in passive film, meaning that Ni and P did not participate in the formation of the passive film. The content of film‐forming reaction product in passive film increases with the content of element P in Ni‐P coating, suggesting that the nonmetallic P in Ni‐P coating played an important role in the formation of the passive film. The XPS results were used to analyze the formation mechanism of the passive film. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不定原点喷嘴射流中流体物理的实验研究(英文)

为了能够更好地了解不定源喷嘴(indeterminate origin nozzle)射流中的物理过程,本文应用平面激光诱导荧光技术对一个大尺度的水射流进行了实验研究。流场显示的实验结果表明不定源喷嘴在射流的剪切层引入了蘑菇形反向旋转的涡对。这些涡的矢量方向与射流方向相同或相反,被称为流向涡(streamwise vortex)。由于射流中存在开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定,每当一个横向涡(spanwise vortex,即涡的矢量方向与射流方向垂直)从喷嘴脱流时会产生瞬时的低压,该瞬时低压促使向内发展的流向涡对在喷嘴的凹槽处生成。这些涡对在向下游流动的过程中会重组并在喷嘴的尖峰面生成向外发展的涡对。这些流向涡极大地影响了射流的发展。流向涡与横向涡的相互作用促使射流更早地发展成为湍流。由于流向涡同时也在射流中引入了径向的剪切流动,因此导致了更多的湍流生成从而增强了射流与周围流体的混合。     

Characterization of the Passive Film and Corrosion of Martensitic AM355 Stainless Steel

Electrochemistry methods were used to investigate the influence of pH on the passive film and corrosion behavior of ultrahigh strength AM355 stainless steel in chloride-containing media. Analysis of the Pourbaix diagram indicates that AM355 stainless steel exhibits higher corrosion resistance in natural and near-natural environments than that in acidic and alkaline conditions. Electrochemistry measurements and composition analysis of the passive film show that pitting potential increased due to the enhanced repassivation capacity of AM355 stainless steel with increasing pH. The mixed MnS/oxide inclusions are the main pitting sensitive locations under all conditions. Morphological observations and energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed that the influence of the gap between the martensitic laths is significant with increasing pH. The inclusions, element concentrations, and microstructures weaken the resistance of ultrahigh-strength martensitic AM355 stainless steel against corrosion.