构成白光LED的单色光对中国淡彩绘画色彩的影响

为得到构成白光LED光谱的主要单色光对中国传统淡彩绘画色彩的影响规律,确定不同波长单色光对绘画色彩的量化损伤程度,进而根据研究结果得到最低损伤白光LED的光谱功率分布,以构成白光LED光谱的4种主要单色光作为实验光源,分组照射中国传统淡彩绘画模型试件。在每个照射周期后,对试件的色彩参数进行检测,根据检测数据绘制主波长、兴奋纯度、亮度3个参数随总曝光量积累的衰变曲线,基于曲线分析得到各种淡彩绘画颜料在光照下的色彩衰变规律,并根据实验数据计算得到4种单色光对绘画色彩主波长的影响关系为482 nm∶510 nm∶583 nm∶650 nm=8 147∶9 067∶9 772∶9 121;对兴奋纯度的影响关系为482 nm∶510 nm∶583 nm∶650 nm=89 446∶85 250∶76 895∶69 229;对亮度的影响关系为482 nm∶510 nm∶583 nm∶650 nm=137∶238∶190∶177。     

基于色差分析的中国淡彩绘画保护性照明光源

为得到博物馆照明光源对中国传统淡彩绘画的色彩影响规律,并确定不同类型中国传统淡彩绘画的最低损害光源,以3种博物馆典型照明光源作为实验光源,分组照射中国传统淡彩绘画模型试件,对模型试件的CIE LAB色度数据进行周期性测量。基于实验数据计算不同周期色差变化值,并绘制色差随曝光量的周期性衰变曲线。进而对色差值变化数据进行回归分析,拟合得到不同光源对4种淡彩绘画颜料的相对影响函数公式,提出不同光源对各类型淡彩绘画的相对影响系数。结果表明：3种照明光源对工笔淡彩绘画的影响系数为K_金卤灯：K_卤钨灯：K_WLED=1.00：0.92：0.84;对小青绿淡彩绘画的影响系数为K_金卤灯：K_卤钨灯：K_WLED=2.05：1.71：1.65;对水墨淡彩绘画的影响系数为K_金卤灯：K_卤钨灯：K_WLED=1.17：0.94：0.91。在淡彩绘画照明保护性照明光源选择时,应选择RYGB型WLED光源。     

HIAF-BRing的双向涂抹注入模拟

BRing是HIAF工程的主加速器,其设计流强为每个脉冲内的粒子数1×1011个（238U34+）,为了达到此设计流强,注入增益应达到88倍以上。BRing采用了双向涂抹注入方案,其满足BRing的注入增益要求,同时具有注入时间短和累计束分布较均匀而减小了空间电荷效应的特点。双向涂抹注入方案利用水平和垂直两组凸轨磁铁以及倾斜的静电偏转板,在水平相空间和垂直相空间内同时进行涂抹。为了检验双向涂抹注入方案能否达到BRing的设计要求,利用ORBIT程序对双向涂抹注入过程进行了模拟,模拟结果显示,在单次双向涂抹注入113圈的情况下,注入效率为97.7%,注入增益达到110.3倍,满足了BRing流强要求。累积束的分布相对均匀,空间电荷效应引起的工作点漂移约为-0.02,粒子因共振损失风险很小。针对注入束流偏角、切割板角度、工作点偏差和Bump延时等不同注入参数进行了误差分析,结果显示BRing的双向涂抹注入效率对注入参数偏差的容忍度较高。BRing is the main accelerator of High Intensity heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) and its design current is 1×1011 particles per pulse (238U34+). To accumulate beams up to the design current, the injection gain has to reach 88. Two planes painting injection scheme is proposed for BRing. This scheme uses a tilted electrostatic septum and 8 bump magnets to paint beams into horizontal and vertical phase space simultaneously. It can inject enough beams into the ring in a short time and paint beams uniformly. The injection process is simulated using ORBIT code and 113 turns is injected into BRing with an injection efficiency of 97.7% which meets the requirement for beam current of BRing. The accumulated beams are distributed uniformly in transverse and hence have a little tune shift of -0.02 which reduces the risk of beam loss due to the resonance. Errors of injection parameters are analysed and the result shows two planes painting injection scheme has a high tolerance for errors of injection parameters.     

Raman and SEM‐EDX analyses of the ‘Royal Portal’ of Bordeaux Cathedral for the virtual restitution of the statuary polychromy

The chemical analysis of the remains of paintings from the Royal Portal of Bordeaux Cathedral was carried out by in situ analytical techniques and by laboratory techniques after sampling. Even though, nowadays, portable systems have a good performance and provide reliable results, in the present case, the in situ approach failed, and the analysis had to be carried out in the laboratory. The obtained results were used to propose a virtual restitution of the polychromy and to have an idea of how this portal was when it was built in the XIII century. During the analysis, the degradation process of pigment azurite was studied through the determined decay products, such as copper oxalate (moolooite) and copper basic sulfate (brochantite). This degradation seems to occur because of the presence of oxalic acid in the chemical system, as other calcium oxalates (weddellite) were identified as a degradation product of calcareous support. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of mass spectrometric data using principal component analysis for determination of the effects of organic lakes on protein binder identification

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry is commonly used for the identification of proteinaceous binders and their mixtures in artworks. The determination of protein binders is based on a comparison between the m/z values of tryptic peptides in the unknown sample and a reference one (egg, casein, animal glues etc.), but this method has greater potential to study changes due to ageing and the influence of organic/inorganic components on protein identification. However, it is necessary to then carry out statistical evaluation on the obtained data. Before now, it has been complicated to routinely convert the mass spectrometric data into a statistical programme, to extract and match the appropriate peaks. Only several ‘homemade’ computer programmes without user‐friendly interfaces are available for these purposes. In this paper, we would like to present our completely new, publically available, non‐commercial software, ms‐alone and multiMS‐toolbox, for principal component analyses of MALDI‐TOF MS data for R software, and their application to the study of the influence of heterogeneous matrices (organic lakes) for protein identification. Using this new software, we determined the main factors that influence the protein analyses of artificially aged model mixtures of organic lakes and fish glue, prepared according to historical recipes that were used for book illumination, using MALDI‐TOF peptide mass mapping. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Voltammetric characterization of metal sulfide particles and nanoparticles in model solutions and natural waters

Voltammetric scans in sulfidic natural waters often reveal reduction peaks in the range −0.9 to −1.35 V versus Ag/AgCl. These peaks have been attributed to iron sulfide complexes or clusters. However, sols containing CuS nanoparticles now also are known to produce reduction peaks in this range. Here we investigate the voltammetric behavior of two additional metal sulfides at the Hg electrode in 0.55 M NaCl + 0.03 M NaHCO₃ electrolyte, pH = 8.5. We show that Pb and Hg sulfides, either as suspended powders or as precipitated nanoparticles, also yield cathodic peaks between −0.9 and −1.35 V, similar to peaks obtained with CuS and FeS. For precipitated nanoparticles, the position and shape of these reduction peaks change with ageing. Freshly formed nanoparticles produce less negative reduction peaks than aged nanoparticles. Peaks from aged nanoparticles often consist of two or more superimposed reduction peaks. When all other experimental parameters are held constant, the amount of nanoparticle analyte accumulated on the electrode increases with the amount of ageing (≤1 h). Addition of EDTA or acidification followed by purging can be used to distinguish PbS nanoparticles and Fe sulfide clusters from CuS and HgS nanoparticles or from colloidal S. This test was applied to interpret −0.9 to −1.35 V reduction peaks observed in two meromictic lakes. In conjunction with other evidence, this test suggests that FeS clusters are present in one case whereas colloidal S is present in the other. Interpreting −0.9 to −1.35 V voltammetric peaks observed in sulfidic natural waters requires caution, but these peaks are potentially rich sources of information about trace metal speciation.     

壁画空鼓病害的探地雷达正演模拟检测

通常西藏壁画地仗层的厚度不足10cm,有效去除直耦杂波是利用高频探地雷达识别壁画空鼓病害的关键,在此基础上计算空鼓的厚度。模拟制作西藏壁画地仗,在其内部预设深度和厚度各不相同的规则空鼓,通过正演模拟试验确定探地雷达的采集参数,积累数据处理的经验,并比较不同雷达天线的性能。结果表明,针对RAMAC探地雷达和Ground Vision数据采集、后处理软件,时窗深度宜为3ns左右,采样频率应不低于142GHz,效果最明显的两个滤波器是带通滤波和抽取均道。当雷达天线与细泥层地仗耦合较好时,中心频率1.6GHz和2.3GHz的雷达天线均能准确检测出深3cm左右、厚约2cm的空鼓,1.6GHz天线的极限垂直分辨率约0.5 cm。     

红外光谱结合PCA-LDA对嘉峪关戏台文物建筑彩画胶料种类的判别

为了判别嘉峪关戏台文物建筑彩画的胶料种类,采用皮胶、鱼鳔胶、蛋清、蛋黄、牛奶为参考样品,使用傅里叶红外光谱仪采集了参考样品及三件文物样品胶料的红外吸收光谱,利用主成分分析结合线性判别分析(PCA-LDA)构建胶料种类判别的数学模型,并应用于文物样品.发现参考样品红外光谱在1800～1000 cm-1区间包含了丰富的分子...     

西藏扎什伦布寺壁画的科学研究

壁画是寺院建筑的重要装饰元素,也是藏传佛教艺术的重要组成部分。扎什伦布寺始建于明正统12年（公元1447年）,作为后藏最大的寺院,寺内保存了大量精美壁画,这些壁画对研究藏传佛教及佛教艺术具有重要意义。扎什伦布寺自建寺起一直为传播佛教文化服务,经历了频繁的大规模修建。为了解扎什伦布寺壁画的制作材料与工艺,为今后壁画的保护及修复提供重要的参考及科学支撑,选取寺内强巴佛殿四层北壁、吉康扎仓南殿西侧的典型壁画,共采集8个样品。采用超景深三维视频显微镜观察壁画的制作结构,显微激光拉曼光谱仪对有机与无机颜料的成分信息进行表征,偏光显微镜根据晶体的光学信息鉴别拉曼光谱相似的颜料颗粒,X射线衍射仪用于测定地仗成分,扫描电镜/能谱仪则对微观数据进行确认和补充。通过分析研究,壁画由地仗层、准备层、颜料层构成。颜料包括矿物及人工合成颜料,其中红色颜料为朱砂与颜料红14,绿色颜料为块铜矾、酞菁绿,黑色颜料为碳黑,黄色颜料为雌黄,蓝色颜料为合成群青。颜料红14与酞菁绿为有机合成颜料,合成群青则为无机合成颜料。块铜矾作为矿物颜料,在欧洲曾用于架上画、壁画、手稿等艺术作品中,但在国内还未曾发现其使用历史,这一发现扩展了对绿色颜料的认识。壁画的地仗层依据藏式壁画制作传统使用了阿嘎土,准备层则由黄土制备。研究结果表明,壁画制作时以阿嘎土打底,刷一层黄土找平壁面,以胶调和颜料绘制于黄土层之上。壁画除了使用一些常见的传统藏式壁画材料,还发现了一些近代人工合成材料,说明扎什伦布寺强巴佛殿四层北壁及吉康扎仓南殿西侧壁画曾经历过重绘或补绘。该研究结果不仅弥补了扎什伦布寺壁画的研究空缺,也为扎什伦布寺修缮历史的补充及完善提供了重要证据。