The quinoidal versus biradicaloid character of the ground state of a series of thiophene‐based heterophenoquinones is investigated with quantum‐chemical calculations. The role of the ground‐state electronic character on molecular structure and vibrational properties is emphasized. The vibrational activities are experimentally determined and their analysis is performed by taking advantage of the definition of a collective vibrational coordinate (the
Homoleptic lithium tri‐ and tetraalkyl zincates were reacted with a set of bromopyridines. Efficient and chemoselective bromine–metal exchanges were realized at room temperature with a substoichiometric amount of nBu4ZnLi2?TMEDA reagent (1/3 equiv; TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine). This reactivity contrasted with that of tBu4ZnLi2?TMEDA, which was inefficient below one equivalent. DFT calculations allowed us to rationalize the formation of N???Li stabilized polypyridyl zincates in the reaction. The one‐pot difunctionalization of dibromopyridines was also realized using the reagent stoichiometrically. The direct creation of C? Zn bonds in bromopyridines enabled us to perform efficient Negishi‐type cross‐couplings. 相似文献
Hydrobromic acid was found to be a unique catalyst in C? C bond‐forming reactions with ketene dithioacetals. Distinctly different from other acids (including Lewis and Brønsted acids), the remarkable catalytic performance of hydrobromic acid in catalytic amounts was observed in the “acid”‐catalyzed reactions of readily available functionalized ketene dithioacetals 1 with various electrophiles. Under the catalysis of 0.1 equivalents of hydrobromic acid, the reaction of 1 with carbonyl compounds 2 a – l gave polyfunctionalized penta‐1,4‐dienes 3 or conjugated dienes 4 in good to excellent yields. The reaction tolerated a broad range of substituents on both the ketene dithioacetals 1 and the carbonyl compounds 2 . Application of this efficient C? C bond‐forming method generated coumarins 5 and benzofurans 7 under mild, metal‐free conditions by hydrobromic acid‐catalyzed reactions of 1 with salicylaldehydes 2 m – o and p‐quinones 6 a – d , respectively. A new reactive species, a sulfur‐stabilized carbonium ylide, formed depending on the nature of the counterion, and this was proposed as the key intermediate in the unique catalysis of hydrobromic acid. 相似文献