全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2775篇 |
免费 | 644篇 |
国内免费 | 297篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1714篇 |
晶体学 | 31篇 |
力学 | 171篇 |
综合类 | 18篇 |
数学 | 218篇 |
物理学 | 1564篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 11篇 |
2023年 | 25篇 |
2022年 | 57篇 |
2021年 | 78篇 |
2020年 | 94篇 |
2019年 | 117篇 |
2018年 | 86篇 |
2017年 | 139篇 |
2016年 | 153篇 |
2015年 | 161篇 |
2014年 | 178篇 |
2013年 | 211篇 |
2012年 | 180篇 |
2011年 | 188篇 |
2010年 | 169篇 |
2009年 | 192篇 |
2008年 | 175篇 |
2007年 | 164篇 |
2006年 | 167篇 |
2005年 | 150篇 |
2004年 | 154篇 |
2003年 | 130篇 |
2002年 | 108篇 |
2001年 | 99篇 |
2000年 | 86篇 |
1999年 | 68篇 |
1998年 | 66篇 |
1997年 | 58篇 |
1996年 | 35篇 |
1995年 | 39篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 27篇 |
1992年 | 33篇 |
1991年 | 18篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3716条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
151.
Dications of cycloparaphenyles ([n]CPPs) are known to exhibit in-plane global aromaticity, contained in a nanobelt structure. Recently synthesized ortho and meta isomers of [n]CPPs break the radial symmetry of π structure incorporating perpendicular oriented π orbitals. Herein we set to explore the aromaticity of neutral and dicationic ortho and meta isomers of [8]CPP by dissecting the induced magnetic field to contributions of the twofold radial/perpendicular π system using delocalized canonical molecular orbitals (CMO), and introducing the natural localized molecular orbitals (NLMO) analysis with DFT methods. The dications sustain a reduced global aromatic character of the radial π system under a perpendicular orientation of the external field which declines from ortho to meta isomer and reinforces local aromaticity of ortho ring while it destroys aromaticity of meta ring. Aromaticity variations are determined by symmetry governed rotational excitations of frontier π orbitals. The parallel orientation reveals a substantial reduction of local aromaticity verified with NICSπ analysis and electron delocalization indices. 相似文献
152.
纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)颗粒以其高硬度、高比表面积、高稳定、价格合理等优势被广泛应用于复合材料的制备中,获得的SiO2/聚合物复合材料通常具有优良的机械性能、很好的热稳定性以及增强的光学和电性能。近年来,随着聚合诱导自组装(PISA)的提出与发展,研究者们基于PISA发展了多种制备不同形貌聚合物纳米粒子的简便方法,为制备SiO2/聚合物复合材料提供了新的思路。作者调研了近十年来基于PISA制备SiO2/聚合物复合材料的相关研究,按照SiO2与聚合物的结合作用和复合机理的不同,创新性地将SiO2/聚合物复合材料的制备分为物理包封法、化学接枝法、超分子作用法和原位生长法。本综述重点论述复合材料的合成方法、主要性能及用途,同时分析各种复合方法的优缺点并对制备方法的未来发展做出展望,以期为相关领域科研工作者提供更清晰的脉络和更丰富的启示。 相似文献
153.
本文主要研究了调制探测激光场中铯Rydberg 原子阶梯型三能级系统的电磁感应透明(EIT) 效应. 铯原子基态6S1/2, 第一激发态6P3/2 和Rydberg 态形成阶梯型三能级系统, 探测光作用于6S1/2 (F = 4)→6P3/2(F' = 5) 的跃迁, 耦合光在Rydberg 跃迁线6P3/2→49S1/2 附近扫描, 形成Rydberg 原子EIT. 当对探测光频率施加一个几kHz 的调制时, 调制解调后的EIT 信号分裂为两个峰, 双峰间距与调制频率无关,而与调制幅度导致的失谐量大小(频率调制幅度) 成正比, 双峰间隔的一半等于探测光频率调制幅度的λp/λc = 1.67 倍. 实验结果与理论计算相一致. 本文的研究结果可应用于激光线型和频率抖动的实时监测. 相似文献
154.
Acceleration and mitigation of carrier‐induced degradation in p‐type multi‐crystalline silicon
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《固体物理学:研究快报》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
D. N. R. Payne C. E. Chan B. J. Hallam B. Hoex M. D. Abbott S. R. Wenham D. M. Bagnall 《固体物理学:研究快报》2016,10(3):237-241
Recently, a new carrier‐induced defect has been reported in multi‐crystalline silicon (mc‐Si), and has been shown to be particularly detrimental to the performance of passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) cells. Under normal conditions, this defect can take years to fully form. This Letter reports on the accelerated formation and subsequent passivation of this carrier‐induced defect through the use of high illumination intensity and elevated temperatures resulting in passivation within minutes. The process was tested on industrial mc‐Si PERC solar cells, where degradation after a 100 hour stability test was suppressed to only 0.1% absolute compared to 2.1% for non‐treated cells. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
155.
Ngo Ngoc Ha Nguyen Truong Giang Tran Ngoc Khiem Nguyen Duc Dung Tom Gregorkiewicz 《固体物理学:研究快报》2016,10(11):824-827
Photogenerated carriers in Si–Ge alloy nanocrystals (NCs) prepared by co‐sputtering method were investigated by mean of transient induced absorption. The carrier relaxation features multiple components, with three decay life times of τ ≈ 600 fs, 12 ps, and 15 ns, established for Si0.2Ge0.8 alloy NCs of a mean crystal size of 9 nm and standard deviation of 3 nm. Deep carrier traps, identified at the boundary between the NCs and the SiO2 host with the ionization energy of about 1 eV, are characterized by a long‐range Coulombic potential. These are responsible for rapid depletion of free carrier population within a few picoseconds after the excitation, which explains the low emissivity of the investigated materials, and also sheds light on the generally low luminescence of Si/Ge and Ge NCs. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
156.
A VO2 thin film has been prepared using a DC magnetron sputtering method and annealing on an F-doped SnO2 (FTO) conductive glass substrate. The FTO/VO2/FTO structure was fabricated using photolithography and a chemical etching process. The temperature dependence of the I–V hysteresis loop for the FTO/VO2/FTO structure has been analyzed. The threshold voltage decreases with increasing temperature, with a value of 9.2 V at 20 °C. The maximum transmission modulation value of the FTO/VO2/FTO structure is 31.4% under various temperatures and voltages. Optical modulation can be realized in the structure by applying an electric field. 相似文献
157.
N. Vujičić S. Vdović D. Aumiler T. Ban H. Skenderović G. Pichler 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2007,41(3):447-454
We present direct observation of the velocity-selective optical pumping of
the Cs ground state hyperfine levels induced by the femtosecond (fs) laser
oscillator centered at either D2 (6 2S1/2↦6 2P3/2,
852 nm) or D1 (6
P1/2, 894 nm) cesium
line. We utilized previously developed modified direct frequency comb
spectroscopy (DFCS) which uses a fixed frequency comb for the excitation and
a weak cw scanning probe laser centered at the 133Cs 6
2S1/2↦6 2P3/2 transition (D2 line) for ground
levels population monitoring. The frequency comb excitation changes the
usual Doppler absorption profile into a specific periodic, comblike
structure. The mechanism of the velocity selective population transfer
between the Cs ground state hyperfine levels induced by fs pulse train
excitation is verified in a theoretical treatment of the multilevel atomic
system subjected to a pulse train resonant field interaction. 相似文献
158.
在强耦合极化子模型基础上,采用Lee-Low-Pines(LLP)变分法研究了极性晶体膜中激子与表面光学(SO)声子强耦合、与体纵光学(LO)声子弱耦合体系的性质.讨论了极性晶体膜中激子的诱生势与膜厚度和温度的变化关系.结果表明:激子的诱生势不仅与电子-空穴间距离有关,而且与极性晶体膜厚度有关,同时温度对激子诱生势的影响十分显著. 相似文献
159.
Light‐induced degradation (LID) has been identified to be a critical issue for solar cells processed on boron‐doped silicon substrates. Typically, Czochralski‐grown silicon (Cz‐Si) has been reported to suffer from stronger LID than block‐cast multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) due to higher oxygen concentrations. This work investigates LID under conditions practically relevant under module operation on different cell types. It is shown that aluminium oxide (AlOx) passivated mc‐Si solar cells degrade more than a reference aluminium back surface field mc‐Si cell and, remarkably, an AlOx passivated Cz‐Si solar cell. The defect which is activated by illumination is shown to be doubtful a sole bulk effect while the AlOx passivation might play a certain role. This work may contribute to a re‐evaluation of the suitability of boron‐doped Cz‐ and mc‐Si for solar cells with very high efficiencies. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
160.
In solar cells fabricated from boron‐doped Cz‐Si wafers minority and majority carrier traps were detected by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) after so‐called “light‐induced degradation” (LID). The DLTS signals were detected from mesa‐diodes with the full structure of the solar cells preserved. Preliminary results indicate metastable traps with energy levels positioned at EV + 0.37 eV and EC – 0.41 eV and apparent carrier capture cross‐sections in the 10–17–10–18 cm2 range. The concentration of the traps was in the range of 1012–1013 cm–3. The traps were eliminated by annealing of the mesa‐diodes at 200 °C. No traps were detected in Ga‐doped solar cells after the LID procedure or below the light protected bus bar locations in B‐doped cells. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献