A Brinkman penalization method for compressible flows in complex geometries

To simulate flows around solid obstacles of complex geometries, various immersed boundary methods had been developed. Their main advantage is the efficient implementation for stationary or moving solid boundaries of arbitrary complexity on fixed non-body conformal Cartesian grids. The Brinkman penalization method was proposed for incompressible viscous flows by penalizing the momentum equations. Its main idea is to model solid obstacles as porous media with porosity, , and viscous permeability approaching zero. It has the pronounced advantages of mathematical proof of error bound, strong convergence, and ease of numerical implementation with the volume penalization technique. In this paper, it is extended to compressible flows. The straightforward extension of penalizing momentum and energy equations using Brinkman penalization with respective normalized viscous, η, and thermal, η_T, permeabilities produces unsatisfactory results, mostly due to nonphysical wave transmissions into obstacles, resulting in considerable energy and mass losses in reflected waves. The objective of this paper is to extend the Brinkman penalization technique to compressible flows based on a physically sound mathematical model for compressible flows through porous media. In addition to penalizing momentum and energy equations, the continuity equation for porous media is considered inside obstacles. In this model, the penalized porous region acts as a high impedance medium, resulting in negligible wave transmissions. The asymptotic analysis reveals that the proposed Brinkman penalization technique results in the amplitude and phase errors of order O((η)^1/2) and O((η/η_T)^1/43/4), when the boundary layer within the porous media is respectively resolved or unresolved. The proposed method is tested using 1- and 2-D benchmark problems. The results of direct numerical simulation are in excellent agreement with the analytical solutions. The numerical simulations verify the accuracy and convergence rates.     

Acoustic damping rate measurements in binary mixtures of atomic species via transient-grating spectroscopy

The objective of this work is to investigate the ability of transient-grating spectroscopy (TGS) to measure accurately the acoustic damping rate by analyzing the temporal behavior of laser-induced gratings. Experiments are performed in a binary gaseous mixture, with a trace amount of NO₂, as a function of both composition and pressure. Measured and theoretically calculated acoustic damping rates are compared using both a classical model and a more comprehensive model that included additional diffusive mechanisms. The TGS technique demonstrated here provides a nearly instantaneous measurement with reasonably high spatial resolution. The experimental data agree well with theoretical predictions.     

Downstream subsonic jet noise: link with vortical structures intruding into the jet coreRayonnement acoustique aval des jets subsoniques : lien avec l'intrusion de structures tourbillonnaires dans le cône potentiel

A subsonic circular jet with a Mach number of 0.9 and a Reynolds number of 65 000 is computed by a compressible Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to determine both the flow field and the sound field in the same calculation. The noise radiated by the jet, provided by LES, is in good agreement with experimental data of the literature in terms of sound pressure spectra, levels and directivity, showing the feasibility of this direct noise calculation. The dominant sound generation mechanism is also investigated, by presenting a correlation between its radiation, observed for an angle of 30° from the downstream direction, and the intrusion of vortical structures into the jet core. To cite this article: C. Bogey, C. Bailly, C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 527–533.     

Cloaking an acoustic sensor with single-negative materials

In this review, a brief introduction is given to the development of acoustic superlens cloaks that allow the cloaked object to receive signals while its presence is not sensed by the surrounding, which can be regarded as “cloaking an acoustic sensor”. Remarkably, the designed cloak consists of single-negative materials with parameters independent of the background medium or the sensor system, which is proven to be a magnifying superlens. This has facilitated significantly the design and fabrication of acoustic cloaks that generally require double-negative materials with customized parameters. Such innovative design has then been simplified further as a multi-layered structure comprising of two alternately arranged complementary media with homogeneous isotropic single-negative materials. Based on this, a scattering analyses method is developed for the numerical simulation of such multi-layered cloak structures, which may serve as an efficient approach for the investigation on such devices.     

基于混合通信的海洋环境综合监测系统软件设计

水文气象观测是海洋环境观测的重要内容,为适应不同观测环境下的通信需求,以卫星通信技术、串行通信技术、以太网络技术等混合通信模式为基础,研究设计了基于混合通信的海洋环境综合监测系统。系统采用XZY3型气象数据采集器、SCA11型浮子水位计采集水文气象数据,通过混合通信模式完成数据对接,实现了数据分析、通信协议转换、对外数据通信、数据图形化显示和数据库存储等功能。该系统能够准确实时的显示水文气象观测数据,完成与不同终端设备的实时数据通信。     

A convergence study of two ocean models applied to a density driven flow

A three‐dimensional, baroclinic and rotational benchmark for hydrostatic coastal ocean models is suggested. The computational domain is a quadratic basin 200×200 km horizontally and 200 m deep. The lateral boundaries are closed. Solutions to the problems are estimated with two different sigma co‐ordinate models, both for the diagnostic and the prognostic case. Grid‐ and time‐converged results are presented. For the transports, convergence within two significant digits is reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Issues relating to the use of a 61.5 dB conversion factor when comparing airborne and underwater anthroprogenic noise levels

Although a considerable amount of the current underwater acoustics literature deals with the proper documentation and analysis of underwater anthropogenic noise levels, mistakes and misconceptions can occur when attempts are made (often by non-experts) to make these data accessible for legislators, journalists and the public. This is because it is difficult for humans to assess qualitatively underwater sound level and quality. It can even be difficult for researchers to judge whether a given underwater sound should be classified as “loud” or “soft”. Many practitioners have suggested that the difference between airborne and underwater sound can be accounted for by applying a 61.5 dB comparison factor (in an attempt to compensate for the different acoustic impedances, and dB reference level conventions, which characterize acoustics in air and water). Whilst use of such a factor is preferable to use of none (which has led to misleading comparisons between levels in-air and water) nevertheless its existence could confer a false sense of security that the comparison is sound, whereas in fact, depending on the details of the comparison, a range of other issues would have to be rigorously taken in to account. Those issues include the perception of sound and annoyance underwater, and the problematic issue of making comparisons across species. This paper does not offer solutions to those issues, but rather outlines the thinking behind the 61.5 dB comparison factor, and shows the intriguing results of it blind application in some interesting example scenarios.     

光栅图像传输法测量海水光学传递函数

根据成像系统光学传递函数的相乘率,用刻有不同空间频率光栅的目标板,研究了在有水体和无水体情况下,光栅图像的传输情况。然后运用mathcad2001软件对采集到的光栅图像进行分析和计算,获得海水的光学传递函数。通过人为地改变水体长度、水中悬浮物质浓度和水体含盐量等,定性地研究了影响海水光学传递函数的因素。该测量方法在激光水下成像、水下目标探测以及对潜激光通信都将具有重要的推广应用价值。