基于核酸和蛋白的生物大分子热致液晶研究进展

生物固体大分子诸如核酸、蛋白和病毒颗粒,因其尺寸超出了分子间作用力的范围,升温之后会导致它们降解而无法形成生物大分子的液体形态。 因此,发展新型的合成和制备策略,实现无溶剂包覆的生物大分子的流体态及其应用,是一个崭新的研究领域。 结合我们前期工作,简要介绍了核酸、蛋白流体(液晶态和液体态)材料的制备及性质。 借助静电力自组装,上述生物大分子能够与带有相反电荷的表面活性剂结合,形成热致液晶材料,其热致液晶性质使得生物分子具有长程有序性和流动性,在此基础上,可以探索生物大分子在无水环境下的技术应用。     

A Simple,Low-cost Method to Fabricate Drag-reducing Coatings on a Macroscopic Model Ship

A low-cost method was used to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings on a macroscopic model ship and the drag-reducing effect was investigated at both low and high speed. Hierarchical structures of the superhydrophobic copper coatings were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Drag coefficient tests on surfaces with different wettability(superhydrophilic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces) showed that the as-prepared superhydrophobic surface exhibited a high remarkable drag reduction of 81% at a low speed of 1 mm/s. In the drag-reducing tests with model ship, the superhydrophobic coatings also exhibited around 16% drag reduction at a velocity of 0.3 m/s.     

纳米阵列中气体驱替液体的流动特征

纳米尺度下气体驱动液体流动特征在纳流控芯片及页岩气开发中具有广泛的应用前景. 利用管径规格为292.8 nm,206.2 nm,89.2 nm,67.0 nm,26.1 nm的氧化铝膜为纳米阵列,进行气驱水实验和单相气体流动实验,分析纳米尺度下气驱水流动特征. 实验表明,纳米阵列中气驱水时气体流量随驱动压力变化经历三个阶段:第一阶段流量缓慢增大,且比单相气体流量降低约一个数量级;第二阶段纳米阵列中的水被大量驱替出,流量迅速增大;第三阶段纳米阵列中的水全部被驱替出,流动特征与单相气体流动保持一致. 分析表明,气驱水第一阶段存在气液界面毛细管力的“钉扎”作用及固液界面相互作用力的影响,是产生非线性流动的主要原因;而一旦“钉扎”作用破坏,气体进入管道推动界面运动,气柱与液柱之间的毛细曲面曲率变化,毛细管力减小,气体流量急剧增大,其中毛细管力随驱替压力增大急剧变化,是造成第二阶段气体流量突变的主要原因.      

SPH modelling of depth‐limited turbulent open channel flows over rough boundaries

A numerical model based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method is developed to simulate depth‐limited turbulent open channel flows over hydraulically rough beds. The 2D Lagrangian form of the Navier–Stokes equations is solved, in which a drag‐based formulation is used based on an effective roughness zone near the bed to account for the roughness effect of bed spheres and an improved sub‐particle‐scale model is applied to account for the effect of turbulence. The sub‐particle‐scale model is constructed based on the mixing‐length assumption rather than the standard Smagorinsky approach to compute the eddy‐viscosity. A robust in/out‐flow boundary technique is also proposed to achieve stable uniform flow conditions at the inlet and outlet boundaries where the flow characteristics are unknown. The model is applied to simulate uniform open channel flows over a rough bed composed of regular spheres and validated by experimental velocity data. To investigate the influence of the bed roughness on different flow conditions, data from 12 experimental tests with different bed slopes and uniform water depths are simulated, and a good agreement has been observed between the model and experimental results of the streamwise velocity and turbulent shear stress. This shows that both the roughness effect and flow turbulence should be addressed in order to simulate the correct mechanisms of turbulent flow over a rough bed boundary and that the presented smoothed particle hydrodynamics model accomplishes this successfully. © 2016 The Authors International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

CRACK INTERACTING WITH AN INDIVIDUAL INCLUSION BY THE FRACTURE CRITERION OF CONFIGURATIONAL FORCE

基于构型力概念提出一种可判断裂纹起裂以及裂纹扩展方向的新断裂准则.该准则假设当构型合力值达到一个临界值时裂纹开始扩展,而裂纹扩展的方向则为构型合力的矢量方向.基于此断裂准则,本文开发构型力的有限元计算方法,实现对裂纹扩展的数值模拟,并着重对工程中常见的含孔洞/夹杂结构的裂纹扩展问题展开研究.研究结果表明,基于构型力的裂纹扩展准则可以很好地预测裂纹与孔/夹杂的干涉作用,其数值模拟结果与实验结果相符,从而验证了该裂纹扩展模拟方法的有效性.通过对裂纹和夹杂（圆孔、软夹杂、硬夹杂）干涉问题的数值模拟表明,裂纹前端夹杂对裂纹的扩展具有重要影响.裂纹的扩展方向与裂纹和夹杂的相对位置、以及夹杂类型密切相关.软夹杂和圆孔会吸引裂纹向其扩展,而硬夹杂会排斥裂纹扩展,裂纹在扩展过程中会绕开硬夹杂.当裂纹与夹杂夹角较小时,夹杂对裂纹扩展的影响作用明显,当夹角较大时,夹杂对裂纹扩展的影响较小;特别当裂纹与夹杂夹角为45°时,软夹杂和圆孔可能会抑制裂纹的扩展,使裂纹扩展发生止裂.研究结果有助于认清含孔洞/夹杂结构中的裂纹扩展或止裂问题,对于工程中的断裂问题具有重要指导意义.     

Instability investigation for rotating thin spherical membrane

A fluid-filled truncated spherical membrane fixed along its truncated edge to a horizontal, rigid and frictionless plane and spinning around a center axis was investigated. A two-parameter Mooney–Rivlin model was used to describe the material of the membrane. The truncated sphere was modeled in 3D using finite element meshes with different symmetry properties. A quadratic function was used for interpolating hydro-static pressure, giving a symmetric tangent stiffness matrix, thereby reproducing the conservative problem. Various problem settings were considered, related to the spinning, and different instability behaviors were observed. Multi-parametric problems were defined, generalized paths including primary and secondary paths were followed. Stability of the multi-parametric problem was evaluated using generalized eigenvalue analysis based on the total differential matrix for the constrained problem. Numerical results showed that mesh symmetry affected the simulated stability behavior. Fold line evaluations showed the parametric effects on critical solutions.     

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基于以前的偏滤器研究,提出了中国核聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)偏滤器靶板的概念设计.在最差工况下进行的热工水力分析和力学分析表明,应力和温度都在允许范围内,验证了该设计模型的可靠性.该概念模型和对其所做的分析可以为以后的工程设计提供参考.     

HL-2M环向场线圈电磁场和受力的计算分析

在建的HL-2M装置的环向场线圈采用了比特板式结构,介绍了采用封闭多边形电流丝模型计算分析HL-2M装置环向场线圈电磁场和纹波情况;环向场线圈电流与环向场引起的电磁力以及与极向场产生的倾覆力也做了计算。计算结果对环向场线圈的设计具有一定的参考意义。     

HL-2M极向场线圈电磁力的计算分析

在建的HL-2M装置的PF线圈采用了混合式结构。在放电过程中,线圈之间有很强的电磁耦合,每一个线圈都会受到很大电磁力的作用。采用解析法,在最大I_p=3MA等离子体电流和各种位形的放电条件下,计算分析了PF线圈受到的电磁力。这些计算结果对PF线圈及其支撑结构的设计都是具有参考价值的。     

Study of the transition from conduction to injection in an electrohydrodynamic flow in blade-plane geometry

A dielectric fluid can be set into motion with the help of electric forces, mainly Coulomb force. This phenomenon, called electroconvection, can be induced by electrohydrodynamic conduction, injection, and induction. Conduction is based on the dissociation/recombination phenomenon, generates heterocharge layers, and occurs for low electric field values. Injection produces homocharge layers in the electrode vicinity and requires stronger electric fields to be initiated. This study is an experimental observation of the transition from conduction to injection of a dielectric liquid in blade-plane geometry using Particle Image Velocimetry. In addition, the electric current is measured to completely understand the flow behavior.