Review of two-phase flow and flow boiling of mixtures in small and mini channels

Two-phase flow and flow boiling phenomena of fluidic mixtures in small and mini channels are becoming important in the miniaturization of thermal systems. This paper aims to present a state-of-the-art review in this important area and to identify what have been done so far and what still need to be done in the future. Firstly, various definitions of small and mini channels are described and the criteria based on these definitions are compared with each other. Comments on different viewpoints of the channel size classifications are acknowledged. Secondly, the background of two-phase flow and flow boiling of mixtures is described. Then, the current research status of two-phase flow and flow boiling of mixtures in normal size channels is presented as it is a basis for the study of two-phase flow and flow boiling of mixtures in small and mini channels. Finally, an overall review of two-phase flow and flow boiling of mixtures in small and mini channels is presented. It is concluded that the available study of two-phase flow and flow boiling of mixtures in small and mini channels is rather scarce and a systematic knowledge of two-phase flow and flow boiling of mixtures in small and mini channels is required. Based on this review, the future research directions including both fundamental and applied research in this area have been indicated.     

Recent achievements in the thermal hydraulics of high heat flux components in fusion reactors

Some components of fusion thermonuclear reactors, such as divertors, plasma limiters, or first-wall armor, are believed to be subjected to operating conditions characterized by extremely high thermal loads. It is therefore necessary to remove from the surface of these components very high heat fluxes, ranging from 2 to 60 MW/m². Water subcooled flow boiling, under conditions of high mass flux, high liquid subcooling, and small to intermediate channel diameter, can accomodate these very high heat fluxes. Further enhancement of the upper limit of cooling, the critical heat flux (CHF), can be obtained by making use of turbulence promoters such as twisted tapes and coiled wires even if coupled with a relevant increase in pressure drop. An overview is presented of recent achievements obtained in water subcooled flow boiling CHF under operating conditions of interest to the thermal hydraulic design of fusion reactors. Observed basic parametric trends—CHF as a function of mass flux, pressure, subcooling, and channel geometry—are outlined, together with findings on the use of CHF enhancement techniques. From experiments it was seen that water subcooled flow boiling allows CHF conditions as high as 228 MW/m² to be achieved under extreme geometric and thermal hydraulic conditions. On the other hand, design and engineering boundary conditions limit variation in these conditions, and a suitable compromise has not yet been reached. Predictive tools are presented for the evaluation of subcooled flow boiling CHF both in straight tubes and with twisted tapes, and are assessed with reference to recent available experimental data.

Although several indications for practical applications can be found in recent achievements, a full understanding of the basic mechanisms of heat transfer and CHF in subcooled flow boiling has not yet been achieved. Future research to overcome the present lack of knowledge in this field is suggested.     

不饱和链烃分子结构与沸点的关系

在分子图的基本结构要素的基础上，提出了三个新的拓扑指数：顶点度-距离 指数（VDI），边度-距离指数（EDI）和奇偶指数（OEI），并用这些指数对C2- C20的150个不饱和链烃（包括烯烃、炔烃及烯炔）的沸点（bp)进行相关分析，得 到如下回归方程：ln(795-bp)=6.935044-0.373392EDI^1/5-3.900564×10^- 2OEI+6.396343×10^-3VDI（F=10539.14,r=0.9977,s=6.24)，该回归模型对不饱和 链烃的沸点具有较好的估算和预测能力，表明本文所提出的三个拓扑指数具有良好 的结构-性质相关性。     

脂肪族饱和一元醇沸点的拓扑研究

基于邻接矩阵与边价 (fi)定义边价连接性指数 ( mF) ,其中的0 F、醇距离参数L及醇类型参数与 119种脂肪族饱和一元醇的沸点 (Tb)关联、得到良好的数学模型 :ln( 72 4-Tb) =6 0 70 10 -0 0 5 7180 F -0 0 0 3 71L -0 0 75 49δ-1 (n =119) ,R =0 9974.相关性优于文献值 .可以预示 ,该模型能更精确的预测饱和醇的沸点 .     

DSC法测定氮酮的汽化焓和正常沸点

氮酮 (正十二烷基杂氮庚酮ＡＺＯＮＥ)是促进皮肤对药物吸收的促进剂 ,广泛用于外用药的各种制剂之中[1,2 ] 。它是高沸点化合物 ,其沸点用一般方法很难测定。我们以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、乙二醇为标准物 ,甘油为对照物 ,用ＤＳＣ(差示扫描量热 )法测定了氮酮的正常沸点和汽化焓 ,为实际生产提供了非常有用的数据。1　实验准确称取邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、乙二醇两种标准物 ,用ＣＤＲ 1差动扫描量热仪 ,自然气氛Ａｌ2 Ｏ3 为参比物 ,升温速率 80° ｍｉｎ ,分别进行ＤＳＣ测定 (标定热值时将样品池密封、标定温度值时样品池要用钢针打一微孔后再压合…     

基于电子天平串口通讯探究 Leidenf rost现象

使用LabVIEW设计天平的串口通讯程序，快速采集了目标容器的质量变化，观测到了较为理想的Leiden‐frost现象，并数值分析了在标准大气压下不同金属材料的Leidenfrost温度点。     

Investigation of Boiling of Refrigeration Medium Under Periodic Disturbance Conditions

Abstract

Experimental investigations of boiling in flow of a refrigeration medium under disturbances typically occurring in refrigeration units are conducted. The development and decay of boiling is stimulated by periodic changes of mass flux density in the coil tube. It is confirmed that the two-phase systems exhibit wave properties and the disturbances generated in the system propagate with finite velocities. An experiment-based correlation to describe the disturbance propagation velocity during the development and decay of boiling in the coil tube is elaborated. The investigations are carried out for an environment-friendly refrigerant R404A supplied under pressure to the heat exchanger.     

Experimental and numerical investigations on flashing-induced instabilities in a single channel

During the start-up phase, natural circulation BWRs (NC-BWRs) need to be operated at low pressure conditions. Such conditions favor flashing-induced instabilities due to the large hydrostatic pressure drop induced by the tall chimney. Moreover, in novel NC-BWR designs the steam separation is performed in the steam separators which create large pressure drops at the chimney outlet, which effect on stability has not been investigated yet.In this work, flashing-induced oscillations occurring in a tall, bottom heated channel are numerically investigated by using a simple linear model with three regions and an accurate implementation for estimating the water properties. The model is used to investigate flashing-induced instabilities in a channel for different values of the core inlet friction value. The results are compared with experiments obtained by using the CIRCUS facility at the same conditions, showing a good agreement. In addition, the experiments on flashing-induced instabilities are presented in a novel manner allowing visualizing new details of the phenomenon numerical stability investigations on the effect of the friction distribution are also done. It is found that by increasing the total restriction in the channel the system is destabilized. In addition, the chimney outlet restriction has a stronger destabilizing effect than the core inlet restriction. A stable two-phase region is observed prior to the instabilities in the experiments and the numerical simulations which may help to pressurize the vessel of NC-BWRs and thus reducing the effects of flashing instabilities during start-up.     

Limit Theorems for Height Fluctuations in a Class of Discrete Space and Time Growth Models

We introduce a class of one-dimensional discrete space-discrete time stochastic growth models described by a height function h_t(x) with corner initialization. We prove, with one exception, that the limiting distribution function of h_t(x) (suitably centered and normalized) equals a Fredholm determinant previously encountered in random matrix theory. In particular, in the universal regime of large x and large t the limiting distribution is the Fredholm determinant with Airy kernel. In the exceptional case, called the critical regime, the limiting distribution seems not to have previously occurred. The proofs use the dual RSK algorithm, Gessel's theorem, the Borodin–Okounkov identity and a novel, rigorous saddle point analysis. In the fixed x, large t regime, we find a Brownian motion representation. This model is equilvalent to the Seppäläinen–Johansson model. Hence some of our results are not new, but the proofs are.     

低温流体在多孔表面的池沸腾研究综述

低温流体尤其是液氮在航天、电子冷却、低温生物医疗与超导磁体与电缆等领域有着广泛的应用.文中对光滑与多孔表面上的流体核态沸腾换热与临界热流密度的研究进行了归纳；总结了低温流体池沸腾的研究现状；比较了低温流体与常见制冷剂以及水在物性上的主要差异；综合分析了加热表面材料、多孔层厚度、孔隙率、烧结颗粒直径、平均孔隙直径与压力等...