Ionic impurity transport and partitioning at the solid–liquid interface during growth of lithium niobate under an external electric field by electric current injection

Transport of ionic species in the melt and their partitioning at the solid–liquid interface during growth of lithium niobate was studied under the influence of intrinsic and external electric fields. A Mn-doped lithium niobate (Mn:LiNbO₃) single crystal was grown via the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method with electric current injection at the interface. Mn ions were accumulated or depleted at the interface, depending on the sign of the injected current. The electric current injection induced an interface electric field as well as a Coulomb force between the interface and Mn ions. The electric field modified the transportation of Mn ions and their partitioning into the crystal, while the Coulomb force led to adsorption or rejection of Mn ions at the interface in addition to Mn concentration change due to the electric field. Effect of the Coulomb force was often observed to be larger on Mn concentration at the interface than that of the induced electric field, and dominated the redistribution of Mn in the solid. It has been experimentally and analytically shown that Mn concentration partitioned into the crystal can be obtained by multiplying Mn concentration at the interface by a field-modified partition coefficient, k_E0, instead of the conventional equilibrium partition coefficient, k₀.     

Preparation of nanocrystalline lithium niobate powders at low temperature

A facile route to prepare lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) powders was proposed by an alternative solid‐state method. Stoichiometric Li₂C₂O₄ and ammonium niobium oxalate were mixed with small amounts of water and then dried at room temperature. It was demonstrated that Li[NbO(C₂O₄)₂]·n H₂O intermediate was produced by an ion‐exchange reaction. Pure LiNbO₃ powders were successfully synthesized by heating the intermediate at 500, 600 and 700 °C for 3 h. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis were used to characterize the precursor compound and as‐prepared samples. XRD results reveal that all the products are identified as hexagonal structure with high relative crystallinity (>87%). The particle size is found to be about 40 nm for the mixture calcined at 500 °C according to XRD data, which is in good agreement with SEM data. The as‐prepared LiNbO₃ powders by this method are high quality according to FTIR spectra. (Li_0.996Nb_0.005)Nb_0.999O₃ phase was formed when the calcination temperature was raised to 800 °C. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Zur Darstellung und Struktur neuer Niobate LnNb7O19 (Ln = La,Ce)

Preparation and Structure of LnNb₇O₁₉ (Ln = La, Ce) Two new ternary compounds, LaNb₇O₁₉ and CeNb₇O₁₉, could be prepared and characterized. At temperatures about 900°C already decomposition of both compounds will be initiated, but at lower temperatures (800°C) no reaction between the binary components occured. Single crystals could be obtained by chemical transport reactions (T₂ → T₁; T₂ = 800°C; T₁ = 780°C). Chlorine for mineralization or as transport agent is absolutely indispensable for preparation. Single crystal investigations on LaNb₇O₁₉ (R = 4.4%; R_w = 4.19%) result in the trigonal space group P3. The cell dimensions are a = 6.2531(2) A; c = 20.0685(10) Å; Z = 2. The structure can be described as to be build up by layers of 8-coordinated La and 6-coordinated Nb, alternating with layers of edge-sharing pentagonal NbO₇-bipyramids. Corresponding to the unusual sequence of layers the structure of LnNb₇O₁₉ (Ln = La,Ce) is the first example of a trigonal member of a family of structures, which has been described in detail by Jahnberg. The most examples are represented by tantalates, but only a few niobates related to these structures are known.     

Preparation, structure, morphology, and dc and ac conductivity of the 88SiO2-6Li2O-6Nb2O5 (% mole) sol-gel derived glass-ceramics

The glass composition 88SiO₂-6Li₂O-6Nb₂O₅ (mole %) was successfully prepared by the sol-gel technique. The dried and translucent gel was heat-treated at temperatures between 500°C and 800°C. Lithium niobate crystallites, an important ferroelectric material, were detected in the gel derived glass-ceramics treated above 650°C. In the samples treated at 700 and 800°C the Li₂Si₂O₅ crystalline phase is present. The 800°C treated sample also presents the Li₃NbO₄ phase. The structure and morphology of the samples were studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM revealed that all the samples, heat-treated above 650°C, present crystallites embedded in the glass matrix. The particles detected in the 600°C treated sample are essentially amorphous, or with an incipient structure. The temperature dependence of the dc electrical conductivity (σ _dc ) shows two regions with different activation energies. The conductivity behaviour of the sample is mainly due to the mobile ion number. The ac conductivity (σ _ac ), measured at 1 kHz decreases with the rise of the treatment temperature due to the increase of the LiNbO₃ crystallites amount. The electrical behavior of the glass and glass-ceramics reflects the important role carried out by the treatment temperature in the gel-glass structure.     

铌酸锂晶体的缺陷及其控制

针对铌酸锂晶体中的缺陷研究,本文总结了国内外学者提出的不同晶体缺陷模型及各自的特点,并介绍了我们提出的铌位依赖、锂位敏感模型.在分析晶体缺陷研究的基础上提出了对铌酸锂晶体进行缺陷控制的意义及理论依据,指出缺陷控制的主要任务是保护锂格位.本文还简要概括了铌酸锂晶体缺陷控制的主要手段,并建议从反映铌酸锂晶体性能的角度来研究缺陷结构.     

周期极化的电极结构及相关工艺缺陷的电场分析

本文采用有限元方法分析外加电场法对铁电体进行周期极化时的电场分布,讨论尖端效应对极化的影响,比较两种不同的电极设计方案-梳形电极和框形电极的优劣.分析了多周期光栅同时极化时的电场分布,推断了大周期与小周期之间存在的竞争现象.本文最后对光刻造成周期电极的断条、毛刺工艺缺陷和液体电极方案的残留气泡缺陷进行了探讨.数值计算得出的结论比较圆满地解释了实验中的许多现象.     

氧化铬柱层状铌酸的合成和表征

本文报道先用正丙胺预支撑层状铌酸,然后同氯化四甲铵水溶液进行离子交换,最后再与醋酸铬(Ⅲ)水溶液反应可得含铬(Ⅲ)聚合离子支撑的层状铌酸。进一步焙烧所得含铬(Ⅲ)聚合离子支撑的层状铌酸可得氧化铬柱层状铌酸。该材料具有较高的热稳定性(>700℃)和BET比表面(66.7 m²/g),是一类中等偏弱的新型多孔固体酸(平均孔径为3.3 nm,总酸量为188.3 μmol/g,且主要为Lewis酸)。     

La和Zn掺杂铌酸铋的光催化降解性能及其机理

用化学共沉淀法制备了镧和锌掺杂的铌酸铋纳米颗粒,表征了制备样品的微观结构和光催化降解性能。结果表明制备的样品对RhB表现出良好的可见光催化降解活性,且光催化效果受各种因素的影响。其中,Bi_(0.96)La_(0.04)NbO_4用量为0.15 g时,对pH=4、50 m L浓度为5 mg·L-1 RhB溶液的光催化效果最佳。光催化机理研究表明催化剂在可见光照射下产生的电子空穴对Rh B的降解起主要作用。该催化剂的制备方法简单、光催化性能稳定,5次循环后的活性仍大于95%。     

类钙钛矿新铌酸盐Ba5NdTi2Nb3O18的合成、结构与介电特性

为满足现代通信技术的小型化、集成化与高可靠性的迫切要求,探索具有高介电常数、低介电损耗与低温度系数的微波介电材料引起了材料科学、化学、物理、电子等领域科学工作者的广泛关注,并已开发出复合钙钛矿结构Ba(Zn_(1/3)Ta_(2/3))O_3、钨青铜结     

La和Zn掺杂铌酸铋的光催化降解性能及其机理

用化学共沉淀法制备了镧和锌掺杂的铌酸铋纳米颗粒,表征了制备样品的微观结构和光催化降解性能。结果表明制备的样品对RhB表现出良好的可见光催化降解活性,且光催化效果受各种因素的影响。其中,Bi_0.96La_0.04NbO₄用量为0.15 g时,对pH=4、50 mL浓度为5 mg·L^-1 RhB溶液的光催化效果最佳。光催化机理研究表明催化剂在可见光照射下产生的电子空穴对RhB的降解起主要作用。该催化剂的制备方法简单、光催化性能稳定,5次循环后的活性仍大于95%。