镍/生物质衍生氮掺杂多孔碳纳米复合材料的制备及对甲醇氧化反应的电催化

以Ni （Ac）₂·4H₂O和生物质材料丝瓜络为原料,通过先浸渍后热解的方法制备了低成本的镍纳米颗粒/丝瓜络衍生氮掺杂多孔碳纳米复合材料（Ni/T-dNPCN）。研究复合材料对甲醇的电催化性能,并讨论热解温度对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明,Ni/T-dNPCN修饰玻碳电极（GCE）在碱性条件下对甲醇氧化反应（MOR）具有良好的电催化活性。其中,800℃煅烧得到的Ni/T-dNPCN₈₀₀/GCE对1 mol·L^-1甲醇具有最低的起始电位（0.344 V （vs Ag/AgCl））、最高的催化电流密度（质量活性：1 902 mA·mg_Ni^-1;比活性：1.61 mA·cm^-2）和最快的动力学反应过程（Tafel斜率：50.23 mV·dec^-1）,其催化活性约为商业化Pt/C/GCE的3.92倍。且计时电流测试表明,Ni/T-dNPCN₈₀₀/GCE具有良好的稳定性。     

制备条件对介孔Ni-CaO-ZrO2在甲烷三重整反应中催化性能的影响

在不同条件下采用并流共沉淀法制备了Ni-CaO-ZrO₂催化剂,并将其用于CH₄的三重整反应过程。以CH₄的转化率和催化剂稳定性为指标,研究了催化剂制备过程中各工艺参数对其催化性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂的最佳制备条件为:焙烧温度973 K、前驱体沉淀pH=10~12、回流时间24 h。在该条件下得到的催化剂具有适宜的比表面积和Ni-ZrO₂相互作用,在常压、973 K的反应条件下CH₄的转化率能够达到70%,具有较高的催化活性和稳定性。     

长循环高电压钠离子电池正极材料P2-Na2/3Mn1/3Bi1/3Ni1/3O2的合成及性能

镍基层状氧化物NaNiO₂钠离子电池材料具有高电压和高容量的特性,且制备方法较为简单,但姜-泰勒(Jahn-Teller)效应使其在高倍率循环下容量较低以及在高电压(4.5 V)下无法稳定循环。通过调节溶胶-凝胶工艺的条件,设计、合成了Na_2/3Mn_1/3Bi_1/3Ni_1/3O₂片层状金属氧化物,并将其作为正极活性材料,在空气环境中组装成钠离子电池,进行电化学测试,考察Bi、Mn掺入量对电池电化学影响。研究结果表明：当金属Mn和Bi共掺时,在1.2~4.5 V宽电压范围内,电池在循环50周后容量为90.39 mAh·g^-1。在2.0~4.0 V电压范围内1.0C (115 mA·g^-1)倍率下恒流充放电50周后的容量保持率为96.96%,循环850周后的保持率为80.15%,具有良好的循环稳定性和安全性。     

难加工材料切削机理研究的新进展

航空发动机重要零件如机匣、压气机风扇叶片等广泛采用钛、镍基合金等先进结构材料.钛、镍基合金材料切削加工性较差,主要表现在材料热硬度和热强度很高,所需切削力很大,工件、刀具容易产生较大变形;材料热扩散率低;刀具切削深度线位置缺口现象严重,以及形成锯齿状切屑等几个方面.深入研究此类难加工材料的切削机理,对于实现薄壁件高效精密数控加工技术至关重要.本文重点介绍了关于高硬度金属材料锯齿状切屑的形成机制;非连续切屑形成过程的有限元数值模拟关键技术,包括自适应网格细化、切屑与工件之间的分离准则,以及用以描述单元网格中裂纹形核与扩展的断裂准则和算法;切削区域高温、高应变率条件下材料屈服流动行为的准确描述,系统考虑应变、应变率和温度三者之间的相互影响作用;切削温度场、工件表层残余应力场的分布规律,以期消除残余扭曲变形对航空工业中普遍使用的薄壁结构件加工精度的显著影响.      

立方晶体单晶材料屈服面的研究

将Hill屈服准则用于DD3镍基单晶合金屈服应力的预测，通过与试验结果比较发现，在760℃时的误差较大，根据立方单晶材料的屈服特点，用正应力偏张量平方与剪应力偏张量平方乘积项构成的应力不变量考虑单晶合金偏轴受载时存在的拉、剪应力耦合效应，提出了一个在工程上实用的新屈服准则．在新屈服准则中出现的参数可以通过单向拉伸试验确定，给出了确定这些参数的方法，并重新定义了适合新屈服准则的等效应力和等效应变，对各向同性材料，新屈服准则退化为Von Mises屈服准则，新定义的等效应力和等效应变退化为Von，Mises等效应力和等效应变，用新屈服准则对国产DD3单晶合金的屈服应力进行预测，能很好地符合试验结果；与Hill屈服准则比较，在760℃时的预测精度显提高。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定镍基高温合金中合金组分的通用工作曲线的制作——基本参数(FP)法虚拟合成标准样品的应用

应用基本参数(FP)法虚拟合成标样制作了X射线荧光光谱法(XRFS)测定不同类型的镍基高温合金中18种合金元素和4种杂质元素的通用工作曲线。选择了最佳的仪器工作条件和合理的待测元素的分析线系,测定了9种元素受共存元素分析线重叠干扰的校正系数,用瑞利散射线扣除背景及通道材料的影响。在设定虚拟合成标样中各元素的含量,并算得在此设定值下的荧光强度后,用FP法计算各元素在其定值下的最终强度,从而完成了FP法工作曲线。应用此虚拟合成单标工作曲线对多种标准样品进行测定,证明该工作曲线可通用于各种类型的镍基高温合金的分析。     

Interfacial reactions of a MAX phase/superalloy hybrid

Oxidation resistant, strain tolerant MAX phase coatings are of general interest for high temperature applications. Accordingly, Cr₂AlC MAX phase coupons were vacuum diffusion bonded to an advanced turbine disk alloy at 1100 °C for compatibility studies. The interface revealed an inner diffusion zone consisting of ~10 µm of β‐Ni(Co)Al, decorated with various γ′ (Ni,Co)₃Al, Ta(Ti,Nb)C, and W(Cr,Mo)₃B₂ precipitates. On the Cr₂AlC side, an additional ~40‐µm Al‐depletion zone of Cr₇C₃ formed an interconnected network with the β‐Ni(Co)Al. On the superalloy side, enhanced carbide precipitation developed over a depth of ~80 µm. Subsequent annealing for 100 h and 1000 h at 800 °C coarsened some features, enhanced TCP precipitation in the superalloy, but only enlarged the diffusion layers by ~5 µm at most. Because of Al depletion from the MAX phase and corresponding Al enrichment of the alloy, the reaction zone displayed similarities to an oxidized Cr₂AlC surface and an aluminized superalloy, respectively. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

High‐temperature oxidation behavior of Ni‐based superalloys with Nb and Y and the interface characteristics of oxidation scales

Ni‐based superalloys with niobium (Nb) or/and yttrium (Y) were prepared by vacuum melting. The oxidation kinetics of these alloys was studied by thermogravimetry at 800 °C for 100 h in static air. Morphology of oxides was studied using SEM, and the composition was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer was employed to examine the linear element distribution of the cross section of the oxidation films. Results showed that the oxidation kinetics all followed a parabolic law at different stages. The oxide films were mainly comprised of Cr₂O₃, NiCr₂O₄, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂. All the oxide films exhibited layered structure owing to different oxidation stages. With the addition of Nb or Y, the high‐temperature oxidation resistance of the superalloy was improved significantly and the surface morphology of the oxidation film was ameliorated. The comprehensive effect of Nb and Y was remarkable in improving the high‐temperature oxidation resistance of Ni‐based alloys. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High cycle fatigue and fracture behaviour of a hot isostatically pressed nickel-based superalloy

Powder of a nickel-based superalloy, RR1000, has been hot isostatically pressed (HIPped) at a supersolvus temperature and post-HIP heat treated to produce different microstructures. Microstructures were investigated using a scanning electron microscope together with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and a wave-length dispersive X-ray spectrometer. High cycle four-point bending fatigue and tension–tension fatigue tests have been performed on the fabricated samples. It was found that HIPped and aged samples showed the best four-point bending fatigue limit while HIPped and solution-treated and aged samples had the lowest fatigue limit. The four-point bending fatigue crack initiations all occurred from the sample surfaces either at the sites of inclusion clusters or by cleavage through large grains on the surfaces. The tension–tension fatigue crack initiation occurred mainly due to large hafnia inclusion clusters, with lower fatigue lives for samples where inclusions were closer to the surface. Crack initiation at the compact Al₂O₃ inclusion cluster led to a much higher fatigue life than found when cracks were initiated by large hafnia inclusion clusters. The tension–tension fatigue limits were shown to decrease with increased testing temperature (from room temperature to 700?°C).     

光辐照驱动CH4-CO2重整中Ni/MgO-Al2O3催化活性吸收体的活性

将等离子体还原法和常规焙烧还原法制备的Ni基催化剂用于制备太阳能催化活性吸收体,在氙灯模拟的太阳光聚光反应系统中,考察了其催化CH4-CO2重整反应活性.结果表明,等离子体还原法制备的Ni/MgO-A12O3催化活性吸收体的低温活性最高,在光辐照平均能流密度为61 kW/m2,空速36 dm3/(g·h),CH4和CO...