Mass defect filter technique and its applications to drug metabolite identification by high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Identification of drug metabolites by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) involves metabolite detection in biological matrixes and structural characterization based on product ion spectra. Traditionally, metabolite detection is accomplished primarily on the basis of predicted molecular masses or fragmentation patterns of metabolites using triple‐quadrupole and ion trap mass spectrometers. Recently, a novel mass defect filter (MDF) technique has been developed, which enables high‐resolution mass spectrometers to be utilized for detecting both predicted and unexpected drug metabolites based on narrow, well‐defined mass defect ranges for these metabolites. This is a new approach that is completely different from, but complementary to, traditional molecular mass‐ or MS/MS fragmentation‐based LC/MS approaches. This article reviews the mass defect patterns of various classes of drug metabolites and the basic principles of the MDF approach. Examples are given on the applications of the MDF technique to the detection of stable and chemically reactive metabolites in vitro and in vivo. Advantages, limitations, and future applications are also discussed on MDF and its combinations with other data mining techniques for the detection and identification of drug metabolites. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Purification of neutral protease by dye affinity chromatography

Twenty triazinic dyes were assayed as ligands for the chromatographic affinity purification of a neutral protease from Flavourzyme^™, a commercial preparation. Screening at pH 4.0 allowed the selection of eight dyes on the basis of their high protease adsorption. When the pH was set to 5.0 in order to increase selectivity, only Yellow HE-4R, Red HE-3B, and Cibacron Blue F3G-A maintained protease adsorption at high values. Neither maximum capacities nor dissociation constants calculated from isotherms measured at 8 and 25°C showed great differences. By contrast, a strong temperature effect was evidenced in the elution step: elution at 8°C allowed 70, 81, and 98% recovery of adsorbed protease with Yellow HE-4R, Red HE-3B, and Cibacron Blue F3G-A, respectively, whereas only 20% recovery was attained at 25°C. Based on the results obtained, a purification process for the neutral protease contained in Flavourzyme with Cibacron Blue F3G-A as the affinity ligand was developed, yielding 96% of electrophoretically pure enzyme in a single step, the specific activity rising from 850 to 3650 U/mg.     

Thermochemical Properties of Neutral Complexes in Layer Silicates I. [Ni(4-Etpy)4(NCS)2] complex in montmorillonite and pillared montmorillonites

The stoichiometry of thermal decomposition and enthalpy and structural changes were studied for the compounds formed by penetration of [Ni(4-Etpy)4(NCS)2] (I) into Ca-montmorillonite (II) or Cr-, Zr- and Al-pillared analogues (III, IV and V, respectively). The mass fractions of complex I in II, III, IV or V are different. It was found for all studied compounds that the release of L (L=4-Etpy) is a three-step process (-2L, -1L, -1L), and differences occurred in enthalpy changes (δH in kJ per mole of I) corresponding to the individual processes. These differences and the changes in diffraction and spectral properties of the species formed after intercalation are assumed to have their roots in different intramolecular guest-host interactions in the studied compounds. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

聚二甲基硅氧烷基质微流控芯片通道的氧气氛改性研究

通过将新制的PDMS微流控芯片置于氧气氛中对通道表面进行处理的简单方法,使电渗流大小及稳定性有了显著的改善。同时研究了氧气处理PDMS通道表面的时间对电渗流的影响,得到氧气处理的最佳时间为3d。讨论了氧气作用于PDMS芯片表面的机理。在氧气处理3d的PDMS微流控芯片上进行氨基酸分离实验,得到较好的分离效果。     

金属盐对O2/CO2煤粉混燃钙基脱硫反应的影响

利用添加剂调制改性的方法，考察了以碳酸钠为代表的金属盐对石灰石微观结构的影响，得出调制改性优化了石灰石的物理结构，并在离子比γ为15∶1的加入量效果最佳。在此基础上，借助定硫仪比较了O2-CO2气氛下调制前后石灰石对燃煤SO2释放的影响，并对燃烧产物进行灰熔点分析及灰成分的XRD测试。实验结果表明，在不影响煤粉燃烧结渣特性的前提下，改性后的石灰石可以更有效地抑制SO2的排放，固硫效果在1 000 ℃时达到最佳。     

氧气氛中紫外光辐照官能化HDPE的结构与性能研究

采用FT－IR，XPS，WAXD，DXC，凝胶和表面自由能力分析，研究了氧化氛中紫外辐照官能化高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）的化学结构、晶体结构和表面自由能的变化。与空气相比，在氧气氛中紫外辐照HDPE能提高C－O，C（＝O）O和C＝O等含氧基团的引入速度，同时又能降低HDPE中的凝胶含量，在空气和氧气氛中紫外辐照后，HDPE的晶型没有发生变化，仍为正交晶系；HDPE的晶胞参数a,b,c以及（110），（200），（020），（011），（111）等晶面间距基本保持不变；HDPE的熔融温度下降，但熔融热焓升高，结晶度增大，表面自由能增大，且在氧气氛中辐照HDPE的变化幅度较大。     

高温弱还原气氛下高硅铝比煤灰变化行为的研究

利用XRD和FT-IR考察了两种高硅铝比煤(小龙潭褐煤、府谷烟煤)灰中矿物质在高温(1 100~1 500 ℃)弱还原气氛下的演变行为。通过FACT sage对煤中矿物质主要组分在高温下的变化进行了计算,并与XRD和FT-IR结果进行了比较和验证。结果表明,两种高硅铝比煤中矿物质在高温下的演变行为具有很大的差异,高温下,氧化钙含量较高的煤灰主要生成钙镁黄长石和钙长石等长石类矿物质,氧化钙含量较低的煤灰主要生成铝硅酸盐和少量的钙长石、拉长石等。氧化铁对晶体组成影响不明显;二氧化硅的含量随着温度的升高逐渐减少;低温共熔体系的存在降低了高硅铝比煤灰的灰熔点,同时,增加了高温煤灰中非晶体的含量。FACT sage热力学计算结果与XRD、FT-IR分析结果一致。     

Influence of Gas Atmosphere on Removal of Sulphate Groups From Titanium Oxide

The studies were devoted to determination of the effect of gas atmosphere and its pressure on the second step of decomposition of hydrated titanium dioxide (HTD) promoted by sulfate groups. It has been found that thermal decomposition of HTD at temperatures above 300°C consists of a number of processes such as dehydroxylation, desulfuration, recrystallization and sintering of solid grains, photochemical processes (if the decomposition proceeds in the presence of light) and adsorption of gas phase components (in the presence of air or SO₂). Kinetic parameters characterizing this step of decomposition have been determined for processes carried out in vacuum and in argon or air atmospheres (at a pressure of 13.33hPa). The kinetic curves of decomposition carried out in the presence of gases capable of being adsorbed on the surface of partly dehydrated HTD are featured by local extrema due to simultaneous processes of decomposition and adsorption of gas components. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Lipids ofPhellodendron lavalei seeds

The chemical composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids from seeds ofPhellodendron lavalei cork is studied. Characteristic features of the fine structure of the separate classes are found. Significant quantities of eicosatrienoic acid and neutral lipids are found. The polar lipids are biologically active.Deceased.I. G. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Tbilisi, fax (99532) 25 00 26. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 220–222, May–June, 2000.     

SYNTHESIS AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLYBENZOXAZOLE FROM SOLUBLE PRECURSOR WITH HYDROXY-SUBSTITUTED POLYENAMINONITRILE

Aromatic polybenzoxazole (PBO) precursor, hydroxy-substituted polyenaminonitrile, was prepared by direct polycondensation of 1,4-bis(l-chloro-2,2-dicyanovinyl)benzene (CCB) and 4,6-diaminoresorcinol dihydrochloride (DAR) using pyridine and N,N-dimethylacetamide as condensing agent and solvent. The precursor has good solubility in polar aprotic solvent which is due to the strong dipolar nature of the main chain. The soluble precursor was subjected to thermal cyclization in an inert atmosphere to convert it into the corresponding PBO, which has its 5% weight loss temperature at 540℃ The fully cyclized PBO were characterized by FT-IR and TGA. The introduction of 10% mol 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic chloride (BTC) into the main chain not only has little effect on the solubility of PBO precursor but also raises its 5% weight loss temperature to 552℃ and char yield at 700℃ for the cyclized PBO with BTC.