汽轮机转子的温度场及热应力场计算

利用积分变换法导出了蒸汽温升率连续变化时汽轮机转子的温度场和热应力场计算公式。本公式可直接应用于转子的应力监测与控制。和差分法相比，解析法的数据处理速度快，能满足快速监测、及时跟踪与控制的要求。关键词：汽轮机转子；温度场；热应力场     

静压气体球轴承支承球形转子的干扰力矩分析

中心小孔供气单向受载球面气体轴承可以用于球形转子的静平衡测量。对作用于转子上的干扰力矩进行估算是平衡装置设计的重要部分。本在一定假设条件下推导了由粘性剪切应力和气膜支撑力引起的作用于转子上的干扰力矩。干扰力矩以轴承包角、中心气室张角、气膜压力、转子转速、转子旋转轴位置、失中度、转子非球表示。以干扰力矩最小为准则分析了这些参数的影响，结论有助于静平衡装置的优化设计以及对精度的进一步分析。     

推力轴承各耦合动特性系数对转子横向振动状态的贡献

系统地研究了推力轴承各耦合动特性系数对转子横向振动状态的贡献。计算结果表明，推力轴承对转子横向振动状态的影响主要由推力盘摆动而产生的耦合动特性系数所决定，而由平动所产生的耦合动特性系数对转子振动状态影响的贡献很小，可以忽略。     

裂纹转子分岔、混沌行为研究

分析非线性涡动中裂纹转子在裂纹存在和裂纹扩展两种情形下的典型非线性动力学行为－－混沌和分岔现象。在2／3倍临界转速区，裂纹深度浅于R／2的裂纹转子有分岔和拟周期响应出现；深度超过R／2的裂纹转子会出现分岔及混沌现象。裂纹角β对这些非线性动力学行为有很大影响。     

考虑密封的悬臂转子系统的裂纹故障分析

以双盘悬臂立式转子-轴承系统为研究对象，建立了系统运动微分方程，并用数值方法分析了在非线性密封力和非线性油膜力作用下的裂纹转子的动力学特性。分析表明，在一定深度裂纹下，转子系统响应随不同角频率比表现出复杂的非线性现象，出现了周期k运动、拟周期运动和混沌运动等多种运动形式。在一定角速度时，工作在远离临界角速度区的转子系统对裂纹非常敏感，而工作在近临界角速度区的转子系统对裂纹不是特别敏感，但是裂纹对它的运动状态影响较大。该研究结果为该类转子-轴承系统的安全运行与故障诊断提供了一定的理论参考。     

Effects of β‐nucleating agent and crystallization conditions on the crystallization behavior and polymorphic composition of isotactic polypropylene/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes composites

In this study, the effects of crystallization conditions (cooling rate and end temperature of cooling) on crystallization behavior and polymorphic composition of isotactic polypropylene/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (iPP/MWCNTs) composites nucleated with different concentrations of β‐nucleating agent (tradename TMB‐5) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results of DSC, WAXD and SEM revealed that the addition of MWCNTs and TMB‐5 evidently elevates crystallization temperatures and significantly decreases the crystal sizes of iPP. Because of the competition between α‐nucleation (provided by MWCNTs) and β‐nucleation (induced by TMB‐5), the β‐phase crystallization takes place only when 0.15 wt% and higher concentration of TMB‐5 is added. Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics study showed that the crystallization activation energy ΔE of β‐nucleated iPP/MWCNTs composites is obviously higher than that of pure iPP, which slightly increases with the increase of TMB‐5 concentration, accompanying with the transition of its polymorphic crystallization behavior. The results of non‐isothermal crystallization and melting behavior suggested that the cooling rate and end temperature of cooling (T_end) are important factors in determining the proportion and thermal stability of β‐phase: Lower cooling rate favors the formation of less amount of β‐phase with higher thermal stability, while higher cooling rate encourages the formation of higher proportion of β‐phase with lower thermal stability. The T_end = 100°C can eliminate the β–α recrystallization during the subsequent heating and therefore enhance the thermal stability of the β‐phase. By properly selecting TMB‐5 concentration, cooling rate and T_end, high β‐phase proportion of 88.9% of the sample was obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Anthracene‐Functionalized β‐Cyclodextrin (CD‐AN) through Multi‐Micelle Aggregation

Multi‐micelle aggregation (MMA) mechanism is widely acknowledged to explicate large spherical micelles self‐assembly, but the process of MMA during self‐assembly is hard to observe. Herein, a novel kind of strong, regular microspheres fabricated from self‐assembly of amphiphilic anthracene‐functionalized β‐cyclodextrin (CD‐AN) via Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne click reactions is reported. The obtained CD‐AN amphiphiles can self‐assemble in water from primary core–shell micelles to secondary aggregates with the diameter changing from several tens nm to around 600–700 nm via MMA process according to the images of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy as well as the dynamic light scattering measurements, followed by further crosslinking through photo‐dimerization of anthracene. What merits special attention is that such photo‐crosslinked self‐assemblies are able to disaggregate reversibly into primary nanoparticles when changing the solution conditions, which is benefited from the designed regular structure of CD‐AN and the rigid ranging of anthracene during assembly, thus confirming the process of MMA.

     

Fabrication of Photoelectrochemical Glucose Biosensor in Flow Injection Analysis System Using ZnS/CdS‐Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Electrode

In this work, a photoamperometric glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase (GODx) was developed in flow injection analysis (FIA) system using ZnS‐CdS quantum dot (QD) modified multiwalled carbon nanotube/glassy carbon electrode (ZnS‐CdS/MWCNT/GCE). Cyclic voltammograms of the proposed electrode (GODx/ZnS‐CdS/MWCNT/GCE) showed a pair of well‐defined reversible redox peak attributing that direct electron transfer between the protein and electrode. The current of the reduction peak became more cathodic in the presence of O₂ due to the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode towards the reduction of dissolved O₂, but reduction current shifted to a less negative value upon addition of glucose in the solution. The obtained CV currents were affected by the irradiation of the electrode surface. Thus, the photoelectrochemical biosensing of glucose in the FIA system was studied by monitoring of the changes in the electrocatalyzed reduction peak current of dissolved O₂ at the proposed electrode dependent on glucose concentration. The proposed photoelectrochemical FIA method has a linear response to glucose ranging from of 0.01 to 1.0 mM with detection limit of 3.0 μM under optimized conditions. Photoelectrochemical biosensor was successfully fabricated in FIA system for selective, sensitive and repeatable detection of glucose and has been satisfactorily applied to determination of glucose in real sample.     

Optimizing garbage collection vehicle routing problem with alternative fuel-powered vehicles

Abstract

This paper considers the garbage collection problem in which vehicles with multiple compartments are used to collect the garbage. The vehicles are considered to be Alternative Fuel-powered Vehicles (AFVs). Compared with the traditional fossil fuel powered vehicles, the AFVs have limited fuel tank capacity. In addition, AFVs are allowed to refuel only at the depot. We provide a mathematical formulation and develop two solution approaches to solve the problem. The first approach is based on the saving algorithm, while the second is based on the ant colony system (ACS) metaheuristic. New problem instances have been generated to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms.     

Multi‐switching combination–combination synchronization of non‐identical fractional‐order chaotic systems

In this paper, multi‐switching combination–combination synchronization scheme has been investigated between a class of four non‐identical fractional‐order chaotic systems. The fractional‐order Lorenz and Chen's systems are taken as drive systems. The combination–combination of multi drive systems is then synchronized with the combination of fractional‐order Lü and Rössler chaotic systems. In multi‐switching combination–combination synchronization, the state variables of two drive systems synchronize with different state variables of two response systems simultaneously. Based on the stability of fractional‐order chaotic systems, the multi‐switching combination–combination synchronization of four fractional‐order non‐identical systems has been investigated. For the synchronization of four non‐identical fractional‐order chaotic systems, suitable controllers have been designed. Theoretical analysis and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the applied method. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.