Exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift based on cosmological principle and Yang-Mills gravity

Based on the cosmological principle and quantum Yang-Mills gravity in the super-macroscopic limit, we obtain an exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift z, as measured in an inertial frame F ≡ F(t, x, y, z). For a matter-dominated universe, we have the effective cosmic metric tensor G_(μν)(t) =(B~2(t),-A~2(t),-A~2(t),-A~2(t)),A ∝ B ∝ t~(1/2), where t has the operational meaning of time in F frame. We assume a cosmic action S ≡ S cos involving Gμν(t) and derive the ‘Okubo equation' of motion, G μν(t)?μS ?νS-m2= 0, for a distant galaxy with mass m. This cos-√mic equation predicts an exact recession velocity, ■, where H = A˙(t)/A(t) and Co = B/A, as observed in the inertial frame F. For small velocities, we have the usual Hubble's law r≈ rH for recession velocities. Following the formulation of the accelerated Wu-Doppler effect, we investigate cosmic redshifts z as measured in F. It is natural to assume the massless Okubo equation, G μν(t)?μψe?νψe= 0, for light emitted from accelerated distant galaxies. Based on the principle of limiting continuation of physical laws, we obtain a transformation for covariant wave 4-vectors between and inertial and an accelerated frame, and predict a relationship for the exact recession velocity and cosmic redshift, z = [(1 + V_r)/(1-V_r~2)~(1/2)]-1, where Vr= r˙/Co 1, as observed in the inertial frame F. These predictions of the cosmic model are consistent with experiments for small velocities and should be further tested.     

线性规划的最钝角松弛算法

本文提出一个基于最钝角原理的松弛算法求解线性规划问题。该算法依据最钝角原理略去部分约束得到一个规模较小的子问题,用原始单纯形算法解之;再添加所略去的约束恢复原问题,若此时全部约束条件均满足则已获得一个基本最优解,否则用对偶单纯形算法继续求解。初步的数值试验表明,新算法比传统两阶段单纯形算法快得多。     

一次人工触发闪电上行正先导的传输特征

利用山东一次人工触发闪电的高速摄像和30 m, 60 m和480 m的同步电场测量, 清晰显示了人工触发闪电上行正先导的传输特征.上行正先导头部光强相对较强, 二维发展速度变化波动较大并呈现明显不规则性,表明上行正先导发展具有明显的梯级特征. 在先导开始阶段从340 m到705 m高度之间上行正先导平均发展速度为9.8×10⁴ m/s,起始速度是 3.8×10⁴ m/s,局部速度总体上随高度呈现增加趋势.电场变化在近距离产生有规律的梯级状 变化,记录到的28个梯级相邻梯级间隔变化从14 μs 到 39 μs,几何平均值为25.1 μs. 估计的先导梯级长度分布在0.9 m到3.7 m,几何平均值为1.7 m.先导电场变化由慢的正向梯级状变化和 脉冲变化组成,结合光学和电场变化测量结果,得出正先导头部通道发生弯曲可使其电场变化的梯级特征减弱 或消失;正负先导梯级形成机制可能类似,均由其先导头部前端的双向流光发展而来.     

火花通道长度对激光触发开关特性的影响

利用超高速相机,在曝光时间100 ns时,对不同能量下激光在氮气气体开关中形成的火花通道进行拍照,得到了不同焦距下激光波长266 nm时激光火花通道长度与激光能量的关系。开展了激光触发气体火花开关的实验研究,激光触发开关延时、抖动随激光能量的增加而减小。将火花通道长度与激光触发开关的特性进行了分析,气体开关的抖动随着激光火花通道长度的增加而减小,当火花通道沿电极间轴向长度达到开关电极间距40%时,开关的抖动为亚ns量级。     

门控型像增强器开门时间测量

提出了采用超快激光脉冲与光纤阵列形成的光延时、跟CCD相机相结合的方法,对门控型像增强器进行了开门时间的测量,分析了该测量方法的可行性,建立了门控型像增强器开门时间的测量系统。用该测量方法对超高速光电分幅相机中的门控型像增强器开门时间进行了测量,得到了10,20,30,50 ns档开门时间的实验图片,与所加的快高压脉冲时间12.50,18.50,28.75,48.60 ns相比较,开门时间的测量精度得到了提高,该测量方法可用于超高速光电分幅相机曝光时间的标定。     

色谱技术在中药指纹图谱研究中的应用

 介绍了气相色谱、高效液相色谱、超临界流体色谱和高速逆流色谱等几种色谱技术在中药指纹图谱研究中的应用现状,以及使用模糊聚类分析和人工神经网络分析指纹图谱对中药进行模式识别和质量鉴定的方法。     

Separation and purification of two taxanes and one xylosyl‐containing taxane from Taxus wallichiana Zucc.: A comparison between high‐speed countercurrent chromatography and reversed‐phase flash chromatography

10‐Deacetylbaccatin III, an important semisynthetic precursor of paclitaxel and docetaxel, can be extracted from Taxus wallichiana Zucc. A process for the isolation and purification of 10‐deacetylbaccatin III ( 1 ), baccatin III ( 2 ), and 7β‐xylosyl‐10‐deacetyltaxol ( 3 ) from the leaves and branches of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. via macroporous resin column chromatography combined with high‐speed countercurrent chromatography or reversed‐phase flash chromatography was developed in this study. After fractionation by macroporous resin column chromatography, 80% methanol fraction was selected based on high‐performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry qualitative analysis. A solvent system composed of n‐hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (1.6:2.5:1.6:2.5, v/v/v/v) was used for the high‐speed countercurrent chromatography separation at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. The reversed‐phase flash chromatography separation was performed using methanol/water as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. The high‐speed countercurrent chromatography separation produced compounds 1 (10.2 mg, 94.4%), 2 (2.1 mg, 98.0%), and 3 (4.6 mg, 98.8%) from 100 mg of sample within 110 min, while the reversed‐phase flash chromatography separation purified compounds 1 (9.8 mg, 95.6%) and 3 (4.9 mg, 97.9%) from 100 mg of sample within 120 min.     

Preparative isolation of pseudolaric acids A and B,and their glucosides from the root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi using high‐speed counter‐current chromatography

In order to provide the chemical markers for the quality control of herbal medicines, four diterpenoids, pseudolaric acids A and B (PAA and PAB), and their glucosides were isolated from the methanol extract of the Chinese herb Pseudolarix kaempferi using high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC). The diphase solvent system was n‐hexane/EtOAc/MeOH/H₂O which was used at two ratios (5:5:5:5 and 1:9:4:6 by volume) in the separation of pseudolaric acids and their glycosides, respectively. As a result, PAA (14 mg), PAB (129 mg), PAA‐O‐β‐D ‐glucopyranoside (8 mg, PAAG), and PAB‐O‐β‐D ‐glucopyranoside (42 mg, PABG) were obtained from 0.5 g of the crude extract. Their purities were determined to be above 97% by HPLC analysis. Their chemical structures were confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis or HPLC comparison with the reference compounds.     

Effects of take‐up speed on the structure and properties of melt‐spun poly(L‐lactic acid) fibers

Poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA) filament fibers were prepared by one‐step melt spinning process and the effects of variations in take‐up speed on their thermal properties, mechanical properties, and crystalline structures were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results revealed that the PLLA fibers showed multiple melting peaks and that the melting peak appearing at a lower temperature moved lower while that at a higher temperature moved higher with increasing take‐up speed. The glass transition temperature (T_g) obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) increased with increasing take‐up speed. The tenacity increased and the boiling water shrinkage (BWS) decreased with increasing take‐up speed. However, these mechanical and thermal properties were stabilized at take‐up speeds over 3500 m/min. The melt‐spun PLLA fibers of this study showed an α‐form crystal structure which was not affected by the take‐up speed. The change in the tendency of the thermal and mechanical properties at around 3500 m/min did not appear to result from the change in crystal form but rather from the change in crystallite size and crystallite orientation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.