Imide‐functionalized naphthodithiophene based donor‐acceptor conjugated polymers for solar cells

Donor‐acceptor conjugated polymers containing a new imide‐functionalized naphthodithiophene (INDT) as the acceptor unit and a 2,2'‐bithiophene with varied substituents as the donor unit have been synthesized. The bandgaps of these polymers depend strongly on the dihedral angle of the 2,2'‐bithiophene unit. The 3,3'‐dialkoxy substitution (polymers PDOR / PBOR ) leads to near planar bithiophene conformation due to the well‐known S–O short contact, while the 3,3'‐dialkyl substitution (polymer PDR ) results in significant twisting due to the steric effect. Consequently PDOR / PBOR shows the lowest bandgap of 1.82/1.85 eV while PDR has a bandgap of 2.38 eV. Bulk‐heterojunction solar cells of the polymer/fullerene blends have been fabricated. Preliminary results show that PBOR gives the best device performance with power conversion efficiencies as high as 2.45% in air without any thermal annealing treatment, indicating the promising potential of INDT‐containing conjugated polymers for efficient solar cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 3818–3828     

Poly(lactic acid) composites with poly(lactic acid)‐modified carbon nanotubes

This work reports the study of the effect of chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes on their dispersion in poly(lactic acid). The nanotubes were functionalized by the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction, generating pyrrolidine groups at the nanotube surface. Further reaction of the pyrrolidine groups with poly(lactic acid) was studied in solution and in the polymer melt. The former involved refluxing the nanotubes in a dimethylformamide/polymer solution; the latter was carried out by direct melt mixing in a microcompounder. The carbon nanotubes collected after each process were characterized by thermogravimetry and by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, showing evidence of polymer bonded to the nanotube surface only when the reaction was carried out in the polymer melt. The composites with polymer modified nanotubes present smaller average agglomerate area and a narrower agglomerate area distribution. In addition, they show improved tensile properties at low CNT concentration and present lower electrical resistivity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3740–3750     

Universality in the length spectrum of integrable systems

The length spectrum of periodic orbits in integrable hamiltonian systems can be expressed in terms of the set of winding numbers {M ₁,…,M _f} on thef-tori. Using the Poisson summation formula, one can thus express the density, Σδ(T−T _M), as a sum of a smooth average part and fluctuations about it. Working with homogeneous separable potentials, we explicitly show that the fluctuations are due to quantal energies. Further, their statistical properties are universal and typical of a Poisson process as in the corresponding quantal energy eigenvalues. It is interesting to note however that even though long periodic orbits in chaotic billiards have similar statistical properties, the form of the fluctuations are indeed very different.     

Absence of absolutely continuous spectrum of Floquet operators

The spectrum of the Floquet operator associated with time-periodic perturbations of discrete Hamiltonians is considered. If the gap between successive eigenvalues _j of the unperturbed Hamiltonian grows as _j - _j-1 j and the multiplicity of _j grows asj with >0 asj tends to infinity, then the corresponding Floquet operator possesses no absolutely continuous spectrum provided the perturbation is smooth enough.     

高温高压下SrB4O7：Eu2+玻璃的晶化

 利用X射线衍射和Eu²⁺发射光谱方法研究了非晶玻璃SrB₄O₇在高温高压下的晶化。结果表明：在5.0 GPa压力下，200 ℃仍为玻璃态，只有几个强度极低的小峰，表明有晶化的迹象；600 ℃时已基本晶化，但为SrB₄O₇正交相与SrB₄O₇高压立方相二相共存；当温度提高到1 000 ℃时，晶化成了近单相的与常压SrB₄O₇粉末晶体相同的正交结构。伴随晶化度的加强，Eu²⁺发射强度增强，与Ｘ射线衍射结果相一致。     

基于数学形态学的表面原子熔融相的 STM图像识别算法

高温扫描隧道显微镜(HT-STM)可以实时原位地捕捉到表面原子的熔化相变过程.在这一原位变温实验中,快速可靠地识别出每帧STM图像中的熔融相十分关键.传统的手工统计方法存在效率低下、随意性大等问题.我们发展出一套基于数学形态学的算法,来自动快速地识别.与人工方法相比,该算法消除了人为主观误差,使确定的边界更加准确、光滑,处理效率提高了266倍.     

On Fučik Spectra and Periodic Solutions

In this paper, we continue extending the theory of boundary-value problems to ordinary differential equations and inclusions with discontinuous right-hand side. To this end, we construct a new version of the method of shifts along trajectories. We compare the results obtained by the new approach and those obtained by the method of Fuik spectra.     

The Spectrum of the Two-Dimensional Periodic Schrödinger Operator

The absence of eigenvalues (of infinite multiplicity) for the two-dimensional periodic Schrödinger operator with a variable metric is proved. The method of proof does not use the change of variables reducing the metric to a scalar form.     

Efimov's Effect in a Model of Perturbation Theory of the Essential Spectrum

A model operator similar to the energy operator of a system with a nonconserved number of particles is studied. The essential spectrum of the operator is described, and under some natural conditions on the parameters it is shown that there are infinitely many eigenvalues lying below the bottom of the essential spectrum.     

The p-Blocks of the Mackey Algebra

Let p be a prime number. This paper describes the primitive idempotents and prime spectrum of the crossed Burnside algebra of a finite group over a p-local ring. The main application is a formula for the block idempotents of the p-local Mackey algebra of the group, in terms of the corresponding bloks of the group algebra.