Influence of different methods of controlling microwave sintering

The ceramic industry uses enormous amounts of energy to produce products at high temperatures. Energy-saving measures based on sintering process improvements are examined. Oxide ceramics were irradiated by two different methods during microwave sintering: intermittent use of the same high power levels (time-control method) and continuous use of lower, increasing levels of power (power-control method). We found that: 1) the power consumption and efficiency of the time-control method were lower than those of the power-control method; 2) the power-control method gave more precise control of temperature under our experimental conditions; 3) sample densification did not differ greatly between the two methods; and 4) grain growth did not differ greatly between the two methods.     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定污泥中的砷

用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定污泥中的砷.分别用微波消解、湿法消解两种方法处理污泥样品，微波消解效果优于湿法消解，在最佳实验条件下，砷的检出限为0.04μg/L，回收率为94．2％～104.8％，测定结果的相对标准偏差为2．22％～4．23％。     

微波合成水杨酸异丙酯

研究了微波合成水杨酸异丙酯的工艺，与常规方法相对比，发现利用微波合成 水杨酸异丙酯具有反应速度快、转化率高、杂质含量小、后处理简单、无三废排放 等优点。     

单手性臂脱氧胆酸分子裂缝的设计与微波合成

以脱氧胆酸甲酯为隔离基 ,3位构建为非手性单元 ,在 12位引入手性单元 ,合成具有不同手性中心和裂穴的新型单手性臂分子裂缝受体 .结构均经1 HNMR ,IR ,MS及元素分析所确证 ,并且考察了其对中性小分子和D/L 氨基酸甲酯的识别性能 .初步研究表明 ,这类裂缝型受体不仅对中性小分子具有优良的识别性能 ,而且对D/L 氨基酸甲酯具有良好的手性识别能力 .     

微波辐射下苯并噁唑基吡啶的合成

在微波辐射条件下,利用邻氨基酚和吡啶羧酸在多聚磷酸中的缩合反应,合成了2种苯并唑基取代吡啶 最佳反应条件为:450W辐射4min 相比于常规反应,反应时间大为缩短且产率令人满意     

New environmentally-friendly solvent-free synthesis of imines using calcium oxide under microwave irradiation

Condensation of structurally diverse aldehydes including heterocyclic aldehydes, like furfural, with various amines in the presence of calcium oxide affording the corresponding imines in solvent-free conditions in good to excellent yields under microwave irradiation is described. A comparative study has been done under thermal conditions. The synergy between dry media and microwave irradiation in this reaction is evaluated by condensing less electrophilic aldehydes with poorly nucleophilic amines. The main advantages of this environmentally friendly protocol are the use of the non-toxic and inexpensive reagent calcium oxide and the considerable rate enhancement in comparison with a thermal reaction.     

Hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene over supported metal catalysts

The use of supported Pd catalysts, with low and high metal content, for the hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene is presented in this article. Application of microwave irradiation during preparation of catalysts resulted in the synthesis of large Pd particles at moderate temperatures. The nature of the support played a key role in the formation of cationic Pd species. The extent of interaction of the Pd species with the support, the nature of metal precursor, particularly the residual chlorine on the surface were found to significantly affect the activity of the catalysts. In the case of bimetallic catalysts also microwave heating resulted in creation of bigger particles of Pd compared to those observed in conventionally heated catalysts. Besides, it minimized alloy formation as a result of which the activity of the catalysts in hydrodechlorination was found to be higher compared to that observed on conventionally prepared catalysts. Contrary to the general observation that low dispersed Pd catalysts are preferable for high stability, by means of the deposition-precipitation method adopted for catalyst preparation it was demonstrated that even highly dispersed (low Pd containing) catalysts can exhibit comparable activity and stability. An analysis of the nature of Pd species and its role in the stability of the catalysts is presented.IICT communication No. 051224     

Optimisation of focused microwave digestion of proteinaceous binders prior to gas chromatography

The aim of the present study is to accelerate the acid-digestion step needed for the study of proteinaceous binding media by gas chromatography. The optimisation of the digestion step was carried out using full and half-fractioned factorial designs. The evaluation of the precision of the proposed digestion method and its comparison with the method considered as the reference showed the high irreproducibility of the derivatisation reaction needed for the analysis of the amino acids by gas chromatography. Although the optimal digestion time was found to be 90 min, the differences between different irradiation times were statistically non-significant, so an extremely high reduction on the analysis time is achieved.     

微波场协同提取红龙果食用红色素的研究

研究了应用微波从红龙果（Hylocereus Costaricensis or Weber Britt）中提取食用红色素的新工艺，并确定了最佳工艺条件：提取剂为50％的乙醇溶液，原料用量（g）与提取剂用量（mL）比为1：90。微波功率为700W，提取时间为20s，提取次数为4次。最佳工艺条件下的色素提取率为98．94％，产品pH值为6。与溶剂浸提法相比，微波法提取红龙果食用红色素的每次提取时间由2h减少到20s，提取率从90．96％增加到98．94％。     

Some perspectives on the use of powerful gyrotrons for the electron-cyclotron plasma heating in large tokamaks

Conclusion The main problems for the further development of high efficiency powerful gyrotrons are obviously the elaboration of electron guns with a large current density and the ensuring of a stable single-mode operation in resonators with a large cross-section. For the increase in microwave pulse energy (with a pulse length of the order of the time of plasma confinement in large tokamaks) the investigation of the possibilities to diminish heating loads in the resonator and output window of a gyrotron is necessary.