频率不变波束形成器抽头稀疏化设计的交替方向乘子法

针对具有空间响应变化函数约束的频率不变波束形成器设计问题,提出了采用交替方向乘子法实现抽头稀疏设计的优化算法。该算法利用交替方向乘子法能够将原始优化问题进行分裂处理的特点,通过引入替代变量和指示函数,使得表征波束形成器抽头稀疏度量的非凸L₀范数与阵列响应约束分离,进而将问题分裂到元素层级并给出近邻算子的解。对于指示函数的近邻算子求解,在分裂到元素层级后则退化为简单的双边约束问题,因而降低了优化求解的计算复杂度。仿真分析表明,提出的方法比现有的L₁范数方法在宽频带条件下的抽头稀疏度能够提升6%~13%,通带最大波动误差减小了约2 dB,并且优化消耗时间更短。实验结果进一步验证了所提方法在实现高抽头稀疏度波束形成的同时,对声信号造成的失真更小。因此,所提出的方法在降低传声器阵列波束形成器的实现复杂度以及保持阵列响应的频率不变性能方面更具有优势。     

Effect of pearlitic morphology with varying fineness on the cavitation erosion behavior of eutectoid rail steel

The present work discusses the effect of the pearlitic morphology with varying fineness on the cavitation erosion behavior of eutectoid rail steel. Cavitation erosion of three different types of the pearlitic steels (furnace-cooled, air-cooled, and forced-air-cooled) consisting of coarse, fine, and very fine microstructures were tested in 3.5% NaCl solution and compared with that of the as-received pearlitic rail steel. The variation in the mean depth of erosion (MDE) and mean depth erosion rate (MDER) with erosion time was analyzed. Furthermore, the cavitation erosion resistance of the as-received, the air-cooled, and the forced-air-cooled was found to be 1.03, 1.51, and 2.14 times better than the furnace-cooled pearlitic steel, respectively. It was concluded that the cavitation erosion resistance of the pearlitic steel increased with the increase in the fineness of the microstructure.     

An Entropy-Based Approach to Measurement of Stock Market Depth

The aim of this study is to investigate market depth as a stock market liquidity dimension. A new methodology for market depth measurement exactly based on Shannon information entropy for high-frequency data is introduced and utilized. The proposed entropy-based market depth indicator is supported by an algorithm inferring the initiator of a trade. This new indicator seems to be a promising liquidity measure. Both market entropy and market liquidity can be directly measured by the new indicator. The findings of empirical experiments for real-data with a time stamp rounded to the nearest second from the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) confirm that the new proxy enables us to effectively compare market depth and liquidity for different equities. Robustness tests and statistical analyses are conducted. Furthermore, an intra-day seasonality assessment is provided. Results indicate that the entropy-based approach can be considered as an auspicious market depth and liquidity proxy with an intuitive base for both theoretical and empirical analyses in financial markets.     

Assessment and Prediction of Water Resources Vulnerability Based on a NRS-RF Model: A Case Study of the Song-Liao River Basin,China

The vulnerability of water resources is an important criterion for evaluating the carrying capacity of water resources systems under the influence of climate change and human activities. Moreover, assessment and prediction of river basins’ water resources vulnerability are important means to assess the water resources security state of river basins and identify possible problems in future water resources systems. Based on the constructed indicator system of water resources vulnerability assessment in Song-Liao River Basin, this paper uses the neighborhood rough set (abbreviated as NRS) method to reduce the dimensionality of the original indicator system to remove redundant attributes. Then, assessment indicators’ standard values after dimensionality reduction are taken as the evaluation sample, and the random forest regression (abbreviated as RF) model is used to assess the water resources vulnerability of the river basin. Finally, based on data under three different future climate and socio-economic scenarios, scenario predictions are made on the vulnerability of future water resources. The results show that the overall water resources vulnerability of the Song-Liao River Basin has not improved significantly in the past 18 years, and the overall vulnerability of the Song-Liao River Basin is in the level V of moderate to high vulnerability. In the future scenario 1, the overall water resources vulnerability of the river basin will improve, and it is expected to achieve an improvement to the level III of moderate to low vulnerability. At the same time, the natural vulnerability and vulnerability of carrying capacity will increase significantly in the future, and the man-made vulnerability will increase slowly, which will deteriorate to the level V of moderate to high vulnerability under Scenario 3. Therefore, taking active measures can significantly reduce the vulnerability of nature and carrying capacity, but man-made vulnerability will become a bottleneck restricting the fragility of the overall water resources of the river basin in the future.     

Ultra-longer fiber cantilever taper for simultaneous measurement of temperature and relative humidity

An ultra-longer fiber cantilever taper for simultaneous measurement of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) with high sensitivities was proposed. The structure was fabricated by using the simple and cost-effective method only including fiber cleaving, splicing, and tapering. The length of the cantilever taper is about 1.5 mm. The dip A and dip B were measured simultaneously, owing to the ultra-long length and super-fine size, the temperature sensitivities of the dip A and dip B reached as high as 127.3 pm/℃ and 0 pm/℃ between 25 ℃ and 50 ℃, and the RH sensitivities are -31.2 pm/% RH and -29.2 pm/% RH with a broad RH interval ranging from 20% RH to 70% RH. Besides, the proposed structure showed good linearity in the sensing process and small temperature crosstalk. It will be found in wide applications in environmental monitoring, food processing, and industries.     

Tunable and highly sensitive temperature sensor based on graphene photonic crystal fiber

Optical fiber temperature sensors have been widely employed in enormous areas ranging from electric power industry, medical treatment, ocean dynamics to aerospace. Recently, graphene optical fiber temperature sensors attract tremendous attention for their merits of simple structure and direct power detecting ability. However, these sensors based on transfer techniques still have limitations in the relatively low sensitivity or distortion of the transmission characteristics, due to the unsuitable Fermi level of graphene and the destruction of fiber structure, respectively. Here, we propose a tunable and highly sensitive temperature sensor based on graphene photonic crystal fiber (Gr-PCF) with the non-destructive integration of graphene into the holes of PCF. This hybrid structure promises the intact fiber structure and transmission mode, which efficiently enhances the temperature detection ability of graphene. From our simulation, we find that the temperature sensitivity can be electrically tuned over four orders of magnitude and achieve up to ～ 3.34×10^-3 dB/(cm·℃) when the graphene Fermi level is ～ 35 meV higher than half the incident photon energy. Additionally, this sensitivity can be further improved by ～ 10 times through optimizing the PCF structure (such as the fiber hole diameter) to enhance the light-matter interaction. Our results provide a new way for the design of the highly sensitive temperature sensors and broaden applications in all-fiber optoelectronic devices.     

基于IERT的非线性全光谱复杂水体定量分析算法研究

水是一种有限的资源,对农业、工业乃至人类的生存都是必不可少的,良好的水环境是可持续发展的重要保障。对水质信息的科学监测,是实现水资源优化配置与高效利用的基础。联合国环境署（UNEP）与世界卫生组织（WHO）指出,应当加强发展中国家的水质监测网络,包括数据质量的保证和分析能力的提高。光谱法作为一种新兴的水质分析方法,相比传统的化学水质监测方法,具有“响应速度快、多参数同步、绿色无污染”的特点。传统单波长、多波长的线性模型依赖于水体对特定波长的吸收特征,不适用于多组分混合溶液且普适性较差。因此,提出了一种基于IERT的非线性全光谱定量分析算法,建立适用于多组分混合溶液浓度预测模型,达到利用全光谱信息来预测浓度信息的目的。利用实验室配置的COD,BOD₅和TOC多组分混合溶液与NO₃-N、浊度、色度多组分混合溶液作为实验样本,使用光谱仪采集样本的光谱曲线,通过全光谱数据进行浓度预测实验,结果显示,对于COD,BOD₅和TOC多组分混合溶液,本算法对于三种组分的决定系数（R2）分别为0.999 3,0.991 4和0.999 3,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.024 4,0.057 7和0.000 4;对于NO₃-N、浊度、色度多组分混合溶液,决定系数（R2）分别为0.983 4,0.868 4和0.981 0,均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.100 5,0.326 4和0.120 2。通过对比本算法与偏最小二乘（PLS）、支持向量机回归（SVR）、决策树（DT）、极端随机树（ERT）对于同一组数据的实验结果,表明：在两组多组分混合溶液的实验中,本算法对于其中各组分的决定系数（R2）均为最优,相比于其他对比算法均方根误差（RMSE）均有大幅减少。本算法可利用光谱信息对多组分混合溶液进行定量分析,在计算时间相当的情况下,可有效的提高浓度预测精度,减少定量分析的均方根误差,可为光谱法水质监测提供一种新的有效途径。     

太赫兹波段介质微腔光学特性研究

采用匀胶法制备了厚度在微米量级的 Si/[TiO₂/Al₂O₃]²TiO₂和Si/[TiO₂/MgO]²/TiO₂ 多层介质膜反射镜. 采用太赫兹(THz)时域透射光谱系统获得了多层膜的时域透射谱. 用传输矩阵法模拟了Si/[TiO₂/Al₂O₃]²TiO₂ 和Si/[TiO₂/MgO]²/TiO₂两种分布式布拉格反射镜 (DBR)的反射相移和相位穿透深度等光学特性. 设计了两种结构为 DBR/LT-GaAs/DBR的对称THz光学微腔结构并模拟了腔结构的辐射光谱. 结果表明:通过引入谐振腔, 两种DBR组成的微腔器件在谐振波长处的强度分别提高了19和14倍. 其中Si/[TiO₂/Al₂O₃]²TiO₂/LT-GaAs (12 μm)/ [TiO₂/Al₂O₃]²TiO₂腔的辐射光谱存在两个峰, 分别位于208和248 μm, 并分析了出现两个谐振峰的原因. 探讨了通过引入介质谐振腔实现对THz源的辐射特性进行调控的可行性. 关键词： 分布式布拉格反射镜 光子晶体 穿透深度 太赫兹微腔     

An ab initio study of the hyperfine structure in the X2 Π electronic state of HCCS–calculation of vibronically averaged components of the anizotropic hyperfine tensor

The results of ab initio calculations of the vibronically averaged components of the anisotropic magnetic hyperfine tensor in the low-lying vibronic species of the X²Π electronic state of the HCCS radical are reported. The electronically averaged hyperfine coupling constants for hydrogen, deuterium, ¹³C and ³³S are obtained as functions of two bending vibrational modes by the density functional theory method. The vibronic wave functions are calculated with the help of a variational approach which takes into account the Renner–Teller effect and spin-orbit coupling. The results of ab initio calculations are compared to the corresponding experimental findings.     

Nuclear quantum effects in liquid water from path-integral simulations using an ab initio force-matching approach

We have applied path integral simulations, in combination with new ab initio based water potentials, to investigate nuclear quantum effects in liquid water. Because direct ab initio path integral simulations are computationally expensive, a flexible water model is parameterised by force-matching to density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations. Static and dynamic properties of liquid water at ambient conditions are presented and the role of nuclear quantum effects, exchange-correlation functionals and dispersion corrections are discussed in regards to reproducing the experimental properties of liquid water.