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61.
62.
Using controlled radical polymerization to confirm the lower critical solution temperature of an N‐(alkoxyalkyl) acrylamide polymer in aqueous solution
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Xeniya Savelyeva Lucia Li Milan Marić 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2015,53(1):59-67
N‐(3‐Methoxypropyl) acrylamide (MPAM) was polymerized by controlled radical polymerization (CRP) methods such as nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization (RAFT). CRP was expected to yield well‐defined polymers with sharp lower critical solution temperature (LCST) transitions. NMP with the BlocBuilder (2‐([tert‐butyl[1‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl]amino]oxy)‐2‐methylpropanoic acid) and SG1 ([tert‐butyl[1‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl]amino] oxidanyl) initiating system revealed low yields and lack of control (high dispersity, ? ~ 1.5–1.6, and inhibition of chain growth). However, RAFT was far more effective, with linear number average molecular weight, , versus conversion, X, plots, low ? ~ 1.2–1.4 and the ability to form block copolymers using N,N‐diethylacrylamide (DEAAM) as the second monomer. Poly(MPAM) (with = 13.7–25.3 kg mol?1) thermoresponsive behavior in aqueous media revealed cloud point temperatures (CPT)s between 73 and 92 °C depending on solution concentration (ranging from 1 to 3 wt %). The and the molecular weight distribution were the key factors determining the CPT and the sharpness of the response, respectively. Poly(MPAM)‐b‐poly(DEAAM) block copolymer ( = 22.3 kg mol?1, ? = 1.41, molar composition FDEAAM = 0.38) revealed dual LCSTs with both segments revealing distinctive CPTs (at 75 and 37 °C for poly(MPAM) and poly(DEAAM) blocks, respectively) by both UV–Vis and dynamic light scattering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 59–67 相似文献
63.
Xihong Wang Diane V. Michelangeli 《中国颗粒学报》2006,4(6):261-271
Liquid and solid particles in polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) have been known to play a crucial role in the chemical loss of stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic and Arctic regions in late winter and early spring. The stratospheric aerosol and cloud particles provide the sites where fast heterogeneous chemical reactions convert inactive halogen reservoir species into potential ozone destroying radicals. The sedimentation of nitric acid-containing PSC particles irreversibly removes HNO3 gas (denitrification) from the lower stratosphere, which slows the return of chlorine to its inactive forms, resulting in more severe stratospheric ozone destruction. Although these clouds have been investigated extensively during the past decade using in situ field observation, laboratory experiment and modeling studies, the detailed microphysics processes under cold stratospheric conditions are still uncertain. This paper reviews the recent advances in our understanding of PSCs. 相似文献
64.
65.
Liquid phase microextraction applications in food analysis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Asensio-Ramos M Ravelo-Pérez LM González-Curbelo MÁ Hernández-Borges J 《Journal of chromatography. A》2011,1218(42):7415-7437
Over the last years, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) in its different application modes (single drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and hollow fiber-LPME) has been increasingly applied for the extraction of both inorganic and organic analytes from different matrices. Its advantages over conventional extraction procedures (simplicity, effectiveness, rapidity and low consumption of organic solvents) has also attracted its application in the complex food analysis field, in which it has clearly provided good and challenging results. A comprehensive review dealing with those articles published since its introduction till the end of March 2011 is presented, offering also a critical vision of the analytical potential of LPME for the analysis of foods. 相似文献
66.
基于弹丸在超高速撞击薄板时破碎形成碎片云的机理,Whipple防护结构能够对航天器所面临的空间碎片及微流星体等威胁形成有效防护。通过回顾Whipple防护结构的研究和发展历程,对多层板结构、填充式防护结构、夹芯板结构等进行对比,分析其力学效应和防护性能;总结可应用于含泡沫、蜂窝、梯度和编织等材料的防护结构超高速撞击的数值模拟方法及其改进方法;结合相关材料的超高速撞击试验及数值模拟结果,为防护结构未来的研究方向提出建议。 相似文献
67.
为了监测夜间和晨昏时段的低云大雾,实现云的三维立体成像,对微光立体成像的关键技术进行了研究。首先,介绍了微光立体成像原理,分析了成像需要解决的宽视场覆盖和多镜头布局。然后,介绍了实现微光探测需要解决的低照度成像技术及其实现方法。最后,针对观测目标照度变化较大的问题,提出了动态范围拓展技术,介绍了后期数据处理中的云雾监测技术。仿真计算结果表明:采用电子倍增CCD(EMCCD)探测器和推扫扫描成像模式、集成探测器组件以及多台相机拼接方案可有效实现微光立体成像,相机扫描幅宽超过2800km;高程分辨率〈817.7m。提出的成像技术可在低照度条件下监测低云大雾,获取高分辨率的三维立体云图,满足气象海洋探测的需求。 相似文献
68.
Methods for determining the heat content E
*/A of hot nuclei formed in energetic nuclear reactions are discussed. The primary factors involved in converting raw data into
thermal physics distributions include: 1) design of the detector array, 2) constraints imposed by the physics of the reaction
mechanism, and 3) assumptions involved in converting the filtered data into E
*/A. The two primary sources of uncertainty in the calorimetry are the elimination of nonequilibrium emissions from the event
components and accounting for the contribution of neutron emission to the excitation energy sum. 相似文献
69.
J. Arnold B. van den Brandt M. Daum M. Finger M. Finger Jr. J. Franz N. Goujon-Naef P. Hautle R. Hess A. Janata J.A. Konter H. Lacker C. Lechanoine-Leluc F. Lehar S. Mango D. Rapin E. Rössle R. Schirmaier P.A. Schmelzbach M. Schmidt H. Schmitt P. Sereni M. Slunecka A. Teglia B. Vuaridel 《The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei》1998,2(4):411-415
Abstact: The kinetic energy spectrum and the polarization of the PSI neutron beam produced in the reaction 12C(p,n)X at 0° with 590 MeV polarized protons were investigated. A strong energy dependence of the neutron beam polarization is
observed which was not expected at the time the neutron beam was built.
Received: 3 April 1998 相似文献
70.
The aerial pressure wave generated by the deflagration of a truly unconfined vapour cloud is known to be composed of a positive
(overpressure) part as the flame expands, followed by a negative (underpressure) part, when the deflagration vanishes. Basically,
this second part is ignored in safety predictions. The present study proposes an empirical method estimating the amplitude
and the duration of the negative part of the wave, provided the mixture, the size of the cloud and the maximum flame velocity
be known a priori, or estimated. This method is deduced from spherical piston flow model properties and results of small scale
experiments carried out for flame spatial velocities in the range 5 to 200 m/s.
Received 4 August 1995 / Accepted 12 December 1995 相似文献