SUS304奥氏体不锈钢摩擦跑和阶段的摩擦表面层演变及其对摩擦行为的影响

跑合阶段材料的形变过程与组织变化对材料的摩擦行为有重要影响.试验以SUS304奥氏体不锈钢和WCCo硬质合金球为对摩副,采用50 N载荷进行干摩擦试验,对跑合初期磨痕表面粗糙度、氧含量、硬度、形貌、物相以及磨痕截面硬度等分布进行了观察与测量.结果显示:摩擦的最初4个周次,SUS304不锈钢表层发生剧烈的马氏体相变以及塑性变形,导致磨痕表面迅速粗化并生成磨屑,这对随后SUS304不锈钢跑合阶段的摩擦行为产生了重要影响.在后续的摩擦过程中,SUS304不锈钢表层和亚表层组织逐渐演化,形成较为稳定的结构,使得摩擦过程进入稳态.     

Couplage dans les alliages à mémoire de formeCoupling in shape memory alloys.

This Note concerns the study of the micromechanic behavior of shape memory alloys. The advantage of this model permits the coupling between the martensitic transformation and microstructural evolution observed after cycling. The model makes it possible to obtain consecutives equations, which explain at the same time, mechanical properties and the changing structures during the transformation. It provides original physical results on the global behavior of shape memory alloys. To cite this article: A. Alhamany et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Elasto-plastic phase-field simulation of martensitic transformation in lath martensite steels

Phase-field simulation of lath martensite formation in Fe–0.1C mass% steel was carried out based on the two types of slip deformation (TTSD) model, which is recently developed as a result of analytical solution for the martensitic transformation being composed of Bain deformation and plastic deformation but without lattice rotation matrix. The simulation results reveal that the plastic deformation along the two types of slip system is complementary. The simulation result of the relationship between the two types of slip deformation is consistent with the analytical result calculated by TTSD model, indicating the validity of TTSD model for explaining the formation of lath martensite.     

Dynamic shear-strain localization and inclusion effects in lath martensitic steels subjected to high pressure loads

A three-dimensional multiple-slip dislocation-density based crystalline formulation, specialized finite-element formulations, and specialized Voronoi tessellations adapted to martensitic orientations, were used to investigate shear-strain localization, and dislocation-density evolution in martensitic microstructures under dynamic compressive loading conditions. The formulation is based on accounting for variant morphologies and orientations, secondary-phase structures, and initial dislocations-densities that are uniquely inherent to martensitic microstructures. The effects of strain rate and inclusions on the evolution of shear-strain localization were investigated. The analysis indicates that variant morphology and orientations have a direct consequence on dislocation-density accumulation and inelastic localization in martensitic microstructures, and that lath directions, orientations, and arrangements are critical characteristics of high-strength martensitic dynamic behavior. It is shown that tensile hydrostatic pressure due to the unloading of the plastic waves at the free boundary and extensive shear-strain accumulation occurs at certain triple junctions. Furthermore, plastic shear-slip accumulation between inclusions and the surrounding martensitic matrix results in shear-strain localization and increases in the tensile hydrostatic pressure at critical locations, such as trip junctions.     

Simulation of hydroforming of steel tube made of metastable stainless steel

The Olson–Cohen model for strain-induced deformation, further developed by Stringfellow and others, has been calibrated together with a flow stress model for the plastic deformation of metastable stainless steel. Special validation tests for checking one of the limitations of the model have also been carried out. The model has been implemented into a commercial finite element code using a staggered approach for integrating the stress–strain relations with the microstructure model. Results from a thermo-mechanical coupled simulation of hydroforming of a tube have been compared with corresponding experiments. The agreement between experimental results of radial expansion and martensite fraction and the corresponding computed results is good.     

Determination of the stretch tensor for structural transformations

Structural transformations in crystalline solids are increasingly the basis of the functional behavior of materials. Recently, in diverse alloy systems, both low hysteresis and reversibility of phase transformations have been linked to the satisfaction of the nongeneric conditions of compatibility between phases. According to the Cauchy–Born rule, these conditions are expressed as properties of transformation stretch tensor. The transformation stretch tensor is difficult to measure directly due to the lack of knowledge about the exact transforming pathway during the structural change, and the complicating effects of microstructure. In this paper we give a rigorous algorithmic approach for determining the transformation stretch tensor from X-ray measurements of structure and lattice parameters. For some traditional and emerging phase transformations, the results given by the algorithm suggest unexpected transformation mechanisms.     

形状记忆合金单晶细观本构关系的一种相变动力学模型及算法

形状记忆合金是由马氏体相和奥氏体相组成的非均质材料,热力载荷及相变不可避免地在材料中引起残余微应力场,它与外界驱动力的叠加可能导致低应力水平下发生马氏体相变或逆相变.论文假设马氏体相变及逆相变的驱动力是马氏体体积分数的连续函数,发展了形状记忆合金伪弹性的本构描述及相应的数值分析方法.分析表明,所发展的方法与理想相变模型间的误差远小于已有工作中引入的容许误差.对形状记忆合金单晶伪弹性响应的计算结果与试验结果或已有模型计算结果的比较表明所发展的方法具有较高的精度.此外,所发展的方法具有明晰的物理背景,且无需对每个变体的相变发生与否及其方向进行判断,简化了计算过程,提高了计算效率和收敛性.     

Temperature dependence of twinning stress – Analogy between Cu–Ni–Al and Ni–Mn–Ga shape memory single crystals

Abstract

To obtain a direct non-magnetic analogy to Ni–Mn–Ga 10M martensite with highly mobile twin boundaries, we present the recalculation of twinning systems in Cu–Ni–Al martensite. In this approach, the twinning planes denoted as Type I, Type II and compound have similar orientations for both alloys (Ni–Mn–Ga and Cu–Ni–Al). In Cu–Ni–Al, compound twinning exhibits the twinning stress of 1 to 2 MPa comparable to twining stress of Ni–Mn–Ga. In contrast Type II twinning stress of Cu–Ni–Al is approximately 20 MPa, i.e. much higher than twinning stress for Type II in Ni–Mn–Ga (0.1 to 0.3 MPa). Similarly to Ni–Mn–Ga, the twinning stress of Type II in Cu–Ni–Al is temperature independent. Moreover, no temperature dependence was found also for compound twinning in Cu–Ni–Al.