Incorporating topography in a cellular automata model to simulate residents evacuation in a mountain area in China

In China, both the mountainous areas and the number of people who live in mountain areas occupy a significant proportion. When production accidents or natural disasters happen, the residents in mountain areas should be evacuated and the evacuation is of obvious importance to public safety. But it is a pity that there are few studies on safety evacuation in rough terrain. The particularity of the complex terrain in mountain areas, however, makes it difficult to study pedestrian evacuation. In this paper, a three-dimensional surface cellular automata model is proposed to numerically simulate the real time dynamic evacuation of residents. The model takes into account topographic characteristics (the slope gradient) of the environment and the biomechanics characteristics (weight and leg extensor power) of the residents to calculate the walking speed. This paper only focuses on the influence of topography and the physiological parameters are defined as constants according to a statistical report. Velocity varies with the topography. In order to simulate the behavior of a crowd with varying movement velocities, and a numerical algorithm is used to determine the time step of iteration. By doing so, a numerical simulation can be conducted in a 3D surface CA model. Moreover, considering residents evacuation around a gas well in a mountain area as a case, a visualization system for a three-dimensional simulation of pedestrian evacuation is developed. In the simulation process, population behaviors of congestion, queuing and collision avoidance can be observed. The simulation results are explained reasonably. Therefore, the model presented in this paper can realize a 3D dynamic simulation of pedestrian evacuation vividly in complex terrain and predict the evacuation procedure and evacuation time required, which can supply some valuable information for emergency management.     

The estimation of lower refractivity uncertainty from radar sea clutter using the Bayesian-MCMC method

The estimation of lower atmospheric refractivity from radar sea clutter(RFC) is a complicated nonlinear optimization problem.This paper deals with the RFC problem in a Bayesian framework.It uses the unbiased Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) sampling technique,which can provide accurate posterior probability distributions of the estimated refractivity parameters by using an electromagnetic split-step fast Fourier transform terrain parabolic equation propagation model within a Bayesian inversion framework.In contrast to the global optimization algorithm,the Bayesian-MCMC can obtain not only the approximate solutions,but also the probability distributions of the solutions,that is,uncertainty analyses of solutions.The Bayesian-MCMC algorithm is implemented on the simulation radar sea-clutter data and the real radar seaclutter data.Reference data are assumed to be simulation data and refractivity profiles are obtained using a helicopter.The inversion algorithm is assessed(i) by comparing the estimated refractivity profiles from the assumed simulation and the helicopter sounding data;(ii) the one-dimensional(1D) and two-dimensional(2D) posterior probability distribution of solutions.     

A roll stability performance measure for off-road vehicles

The roll stability is significant for both road and off-road commercial vehicles, while the majority of reported studies focus on road vehicles neglecting the contributions of uneven off-road terrains. The limited studies on roll stability of off-road vehicles have assessed the stability limits using performance measures derived for road vehicles. This study proposes an alternative performance measure for assessing roll stability limits of off-road vehicles. The roll dynamics of an off-road mining vehicle operating on random rough terrains are investigated, where the two terrain-track profiles are synthesized considering coherency between them. It is shown that a measure based on steady-turning root-mean-square lateral acceleration corresponding to the sustained period of unity lateral-load-transfer-ratio prior to the absolute-rollover, could serve as a reliable measure of roll stability of the vehicle operating on random rough terrains. The robustness of proposed performance measure is demonstrated considering sprung mass center height variations and different terrain excitations. The simulation results revealed adverse effects of terrain elevation magnitude on the roll stability, while a relatively higher coherency resulted in lower terrain roll-excitation and thereby enhanced vehicle roll stability. Terrains with relatively higher waviness increased the magnitude of lower spatial frequency components, which resulted in reduced roll stability limits.     

基于自适应格网数字水深模型的水下地形匹配定位算法

为了解决当前的水下地形匹配定位算法未考虑格网大小随海底地形变化而自动调整的问题,提出了一种基于自适应格网数字水深模型的水下地形匹配定位算法。首先,引入基于四叉树的自适应格网模型,改进其局部格网的相似性评估指标与构网约束方法;然后,设计匹配区的确定及待匹配航迹的选取策略,给出待匹配航迹的水深值的计算方法,构建出目标匹配定位的地形相关组合算子。实验结果表明:提出的算法相比于基于等距离的规则格网模型的算法有以下优势:1)在地形特征丰富区域的定位精度明显提高;2)可以避免出现地形特征越明显匹配定位精度越低的情况;3)能一定程度地克服水深系统误差对定位精度的影响。     

Military terrain vehicles

The author gives a survey of the historical background, current developments and future aspects of the most important wheeled and tracked military terrain vehicle systems focusing, in particular, on their automotive technological performance as well as on their tactical features. Weapon systems, radio and other military equipment are not part of this survey.This paper does not cover niche products such as over-snow and amphibious vehicles which are also used for military purposes. However, hybrid propulsion systems are included.     

Constructing Invariant Tori for the Spatial Hill Lunar Problem

In this paper, the spatial Hill lunar problem is investigated, and the existence of invariant tori of hyperbolic type in a neighborhood of its equilibrium is shown. Moreover, the author checks the non-degenerate condition analytically and obtains two-dimensional elliptic invariant tori on its central manifold as well.     

A piecewise bearing capacity method of unstructured terrain considering characteristics of soil mechanic and wheel geometry

Bearing capacity of the unstructured terrain considering the effects of the wheel geometry and soil mechanic properties is analyzed in this paper. Two-dimensional pressure-sinkage simulations are conducted to evaluate the degrees of similarity between the flat plate and wheel in terms of their ultimate bearing characteristics of Terzaghi theory. The results show that these degrees of similarity are mainly reflected in the soil in-depth direction and the corresponding failure behaviors. Based on the approximation of the ultimate bearing capacity between the wheel and flat plate, a piecewise bearing capacity evaluation method with the effects of the soil mechanic properties and three-dimensional wheel geometry is proposed. The pressure-sinkage values of the proposed model show a satisfactory agreement with the experimental ones. The proposed model performs better than the semi-empirical models, as it considers more soil bearing features and needs less fitting parameters to assess the unstructured terrain.     

Predicting terrain parameters for physics-based vehicle mobility models from cone index data

To provide terrain data for the development of physics-based vehicle mobility models, such as the Next Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model, there is a desire to make use of the vast amount of cone index (CI) data available. The challenge is whether the terrain parameters for physics-based vehicle mobility models can be predicted from CI data. An improved model for cone-terrain interaction has been developed that takes into account both normal pressure and shear stress distributions on the cone-terrain interface. A methodology based on Derivative-Free Optimization Algorithms (DFOA) has been developed in combination with the improved model to make use of continuously measured CI vs. sinkage data for predicting the three Bekker pressure-sinkage parameters, k_c, k_ϕ and n, and two cone-terrain shear strength parameters, c_c and ϕ_c. The methodology has been demonstrated on two types of soil, LETE sand and Keweenaw Research Center (KRC) soils, where continuous CI vs. sinkage measurements and continuous plate pressure vs. sinkage measurements are available. The correlations between the predicted pressure-sinkage relationships based on the parameters derived from continuous CI vs. sinkage measurements using the DFOA-based methodology and that measured were generally encouraging.     

复杂地表场景生成中太阳辐射模拟方法

复杂自然地表场景温度场模拟是遥感成像仿真的非常重要一环.本文分析了主要的影响因素--太阳辐射,建立了计算复杂地表入射太阳辐射总能量的理沦模型,重点分析了地形的遮挡效应,用Monte-Carlo法计算实现,提出了相关长度的概念,使计算效率提高了 3～30倍,精度保持不变.     

基于Hu矩的水下地形二维特征匹配辅助导航方法

相比于以单波束测深原理为基础的ICCP、TERCOM等一维序列匹配辅助导航方法,基于多波束测深系统的二维阵列匹配算法增加了原始地形信息的丰富度,可以用来提高地形辅助匹配导航系统的精度和适用性。通过归一化灰度转换,使实时扫测地形和原始数据库地形分别形成待匹配的模板灰度图和背景灰度图,采用圆窗口化搜索策略,分别计算实时图和子图的Hu矩,保证了相同地形特征的旋转不变性。通过归一化互相关算法衡量两个地形的相似性,得到匹配地形,实时的辅助主惯导修正误差。仿真表明,利用此匹配算法在实时扫测地形平坦区域和特征明显区域均能成功匹配;位置误差均在5个网格以内,能容忍的系统信噪比最小为9 d B,抗噪声能力强;Hu矩的抗旋转特性大大提高了此方法的适用性,能够满足高精度水下地形匹配辅助导航系统的苛刻要求。