基于约束粒子群优化的海底地形辅助惯性导航定位方法

针对水下自主航行器长时间航行后惯性导航系统位置误差积累的问题,提出一种关于约束粒子群优化的海底地形辅助惯性导航定位方法。通过在等值域内进行粒子群初始化,改善粒子"早熟"问题。采用惯性导航和水深测量序列计算相邻测量点水平距离、航迹水平转向角和水深变化量三个匹配参数,同时利用待匹配航迹上的粒子群计算以上三个参数,将航迹水平转向角和水深变化量转换为各自等效的水平相对距离,最后采用对应于相同匹配参数的等效水平相对距离的平均绝对差之和构建适应度函数,采用约束粒子群优化进行地形匹配,辅助惯导系统准确定位。通过某海图内海底地形匹配进行仿真实验,结果表明当航行器初始位置误差较大时:在地形变化明显区,ICCP的定位精度为200 m,约束粒子群优化的定位精度提高到20 m以内;在地形变化平坦区,ICCP无法有效定位的情况下,约束粒子群优化的定位精度约为250 m。     

Modeling and Simulation of a Three-Wheeled Mobile Robot on Uneven Terrains with Two-Degree-of-Freedom Suspension Mechanisms

A wheeled mobile robot (WMR) will move on an uneven terrain without slip if its torus-shaped wheels tilt in a lateral direction. An independent two degree-of-freedom (DOF) suspension is required to maintain contact with uneven terrain and for lateral tilting. This article deals with the modeling and simulation of a three-wheeled mobile robot with torus-shaped wheels and four novel two-DOF suspension mechanism concepts. Simulations are performed on an uneven terrain for three representative paths—a straight line, a circular, and an ‘S’-shaped path. Simulations show that a novel concept using double four-bar mechanism performs better than the other three concepts.     

Design and development of a new transformable wheel used in amphibious all-terrain vehicles (A-ATV)

Conventional ground-wheeled vehicles usually have poor trafficability, low efficiency, a large amount of energy consumption and possible failure when driving on soft terrain. To solve this problem, this paper presents a new design of transformable wheels for use in an amphibious all-terrain vehicle. The wheel has two extreme working statuses: unfolded walking-wheel and folded rigid wheel. Furthermore, the kinematic characteristics of the transformable wheel were studied using a kinematic method. When the wheel is unfolded at walking-wheel status, the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the wheel with different slip rates were analyzed. The stress condition is studied by using a classic soil mechanics method when the transformable wheel is driven on soft terrain. The relationship among wheel traction, wheel parameters and soil deformation under the stress were obtained. The results show that both the wheel traction and trafficability can be improved by using the proposed transformable wheel. Finally, a finite element model is established based on the vehicle terramechanics, and the interaction result between the transformable wheel and elastic–plastic soil is simulated when the transformable wheel is driven at different unfold angles. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, which verifies the applicability and effectiveness of the transformable wheel developed in this paper.     

Evaluation of fractal dimension of soft terrain surface

By using a laser profiler, the roughness of sowed and plowed surfaces was obtained. Through evaluation of the precision of fractal dimensions based on the Weierstrass–Mandelbort (W–M) function, we found the rescaled (R/S) analysis method and the structure spectral method were not suitable for the calculation of the fractal dimension on a soft terrain surface. Therefore, the fractal dimension, non-scale range and correlation coefficient for each kind of terrain were analyzed using the following fractal computational methods – (i) variate-difference method, (ii) power spectral density method, and (iii) root mean square method. The results showed that: fractal dimension of plowed terrain was large with small fluctuations, while its internal structure was complex. The power spectral density method was not robust enough to compute the fractal dimension of a soft terrain surface. The fractal dimension computed using the root mean square method was found to be more accurate for the soft terrain surface. Moreover, the correlation coefficient of linear regression when using the root mean square method was good and the range of non-scale variation was small.     

载人登月转移轨道偏差传播分析与中途修正方法概述

载人登月转移轨道是指地月转移轨道和月地返回轨道,其上飞行器飞行时间长、动力学模型复杂、非线性强且变系数.因此,工程任务中偏差不可避免,对偏差的控制直接影响任务执行的效果甚至成败.在概述载人登月转移轨道研究基础上,总结了偏差传播分析方法、最优中途修正策略及中途修正瞄准算法.最后,对我国未来载人登月转移轨道中途修正提出一些建议.     

Turbulence velocity spectra dependence on the mean wind at the bottom of a valley

A spectral analysis of the surface boundary layer turbulence at the bottom of a valley is presented. The spectra were classified according to wind speed, wind direction with respect to the valley axis and stability condition. The results reveal that the vertical velocity spectra have a well defined peak in all cases. The average spectra are better defined for mean winds parallel to the valley axis. For transversal winds, a large scatter occurs. The peak of the vertical velocity spectra happens at smaller frequencies for winds parallel to the valley axis than when the winds are transversal to the valley. The stability dependence of the spectral peak frequency of the vertical component is larger for winds larger than 1 m s⁻¹. The spectra of the horizontal components show low-frequency peaks, probably associated to mesoescala exchange. The frequency peak of the horizontal spectra does not depend on stability for convective conditions. For stable conditions, the peak frequency increases as it gets more stable. Local isotropy occurs at large frequencies for both wind directions with respect to the valley axis.     

陆基巡航导弹四组合制导系统仿真研究

对陆基巡航导弹四组合制导技术,以一条典型轨迹进行了全航线仿真研究,包括初始对准段以及INS/GPS组合段、INS/TERCOM（地形轮廓匹配）组合段、INS/GPS/TERCOM组合段和INS/SMNS（景像匹配导航系统）组合段等共24个航段的研究。仿真结果表明:静基座初始对准能达到对准时间<4min,水平对准精度<21”,方位对准精度<2’;INS/GPS组合的位置精度达到30m（CEP）,速度精度<0.2 m/s（CEP）;INS/GPS/TERCOM组合可达到INS/GPS与TERCOM（为半个网格的精度）中的较高者;INS/SMNS可达到0.5像素（10 m/pixel的分辨率）的位置精度和0.2 m/s的速度精度。在SMN对INS修正后,经15s纯INS飞行后的命中精度为6～10m（CEP）。     

月尘被动防护技术的最新研究进展

月球的特殊环境使月尘具有导电等特殊的性质,极易黏附在探测仪器上造成设备的失效,给探月工程带来极大的危害,因此国内外众多研究组针对月尘危害展开深入研究.本文从黏附机理、防护方法和实验测试几方面对月尘的被动防护技术进行综述和展望.首先,阐述了月尘对探测设备造成的不利影响及影响因素,进而具体论述月尘黏附的机理,详细介绍造成黏附的两种主要作用力的理论基础.然后,针对不同作用机理系统阐述了降低月尘颗粒黏附力的主要方法,对月尘被动防护技术的最新进展进行了总结.最后,结合防护方式的不同,总结了测试月尘黏附力的方法,从而为有效实现探测设备表面月尘防护奠定基础.     

Lunar landing trajectory design based on invariant manifold

The low-energy lunar landing trajectory design using the invariant manifolds of restricted three-body problem is studied.Considering angle between the ecliptic plane and lunar orbit plate the four-body problem of sun-earth-moon-spacecraft is divided into two three-body problems,the sun-earth-spacecraft in the ecliptic plane and the earth- moon-spacecraft in the lunar orbit plane.Using the orbit maneuver at the place where the two planes and the invariant manifolds intersect,a general method to design low energy lunar landing trajectory is given.It is found that this method can save the energy about 20% compared to the traditional Hohmann transfer trajectory,The mechanism that the method can save energy is investigated in the point of view of energy and the expression of the amount of energy saved is given.In addition,some rules of selecting parameters with respect to orbit design are provided.The method of energy analysis in the paper can be extended to energy analysis in deep space orbit design.     

改进的地形熵算法在地形辅助导航中的应用

地形辅助导航是水下航行器导航技术的一个发展新方向,但它并不能够在任何地形区域都可以工作,比如在平坦区域的导航效果很差。通过计算不同区域的水深标准差,选择地形特征独特的区域作为适配区域。基于熵的算法对于地形复杂区域的匹配分析是快速有效的,但传统的地形熵算法匹配精度不高,本文引入了地形差异熵的概念并对其进行改进,在选定的地形区域使用MATLAB软件进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,改进的地形熵算法在选定的地形区域位置误差在250m左右,可以满足水下航行器的导航要求。