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111.
We describe the synthesis of a series of covalently linked dimers of quadrupolar curcuminoid-BF2 dyes and the detailed investigation of their solvent-dependent spectroscopic and photophysical properties. In solvents of low polarity, intramolecular folding induces the formation of aggregated chromophores, the UV/Vis absorption spectra of which display the optical signature characteristic of weakly-coupled H-aggregates. The extent of folding and, in turn, of ground-state aggregation is strongly dependent on the nature of the flexible linker. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence emission spectroscopies show that the Frenkel exciton relaxes into a fluorescent symmetrical excimer state with a long lifetime. Furthermore, our in-depth studies show that a weakly emitting excimer lies on the pathway toward a photocyclomer. Two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) allowed the structure of the photoproduct to be established. To our knowledge, this represents the first example of a [2π+2π] photodimerization of the curcuminoid chromophore.  相似文献   
112.
A late-stage functionalization of the aromatic ring in amino acid derivatives is described. The key step is a copper-catalysed diversification of a boronate ester by amination (Chan–Lam reaction) that can be carried out on a complex β-aryl-β-amino acid scaffold. This not only considerably extends the substrate scope of amination partners, but also delivers an array of potent and selective integrin inhibitors as potential treatment agents of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This versatile chemical strategy, which is amenable to high-throughput-array protocols, allows the installation of pharmaceutically valuable heteroaromatic fragments at a late stage by direct coupling to NH heterocycles, leading to compounds with drug-like attributes. It thus constitutes a useful addition to the medicinal chemist's repertoire.  相似文献   
113.
    
Different molecular strategies have been carefully evaluated to produce solid-state luminescence enhancement (SLE) in compounds that show dark states in solution. A set of α-phenylstyrylarene derivatives with a butterfly shape have been designed and synthesised, for the first time, with the aim of improving the solid-state fluorescence emission of their parent styrylarene compounds. Although these butterfly molecules are not fluorescent in solution, one of them (1,2,4,5-tetra(α-phenylstyryl)benzene) exhibits a fluorescence quantum yield as high as 68 % in a drop-cast sample and 31 % in its crystalline form. In contrast, 1,3,5-tris(α-phenylstyryl)benzene and 4,6-bis(α-phenylstyryl)pyrimidine do not show SLE. A range of fluorescence spectroscopy experiments and DFT calculations were carried out to unravel the origin of different photophysical behaviour of these compounds in the solid state. The results indicate that a rational strategy to control the SLE effect in luminogens depends on a delicate balance between molecular properties and inter-/intramolecular interactions in the solid state.  相似文献   
114.
    
Terminal alkyne coupling reactions promoted by rhodium(I) complexes of macrocyclic NHC-based pincer ligands—which feature dodecamethylene, tetradecamethylene or hexadecamethylene wingtip linkers viz. [Rh(CNC-n)(C2H4)][BArF4] (n=12, 14, 16; ArF=3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)—have been investigated, using the bulky alkynes HC≡CtBu and HC≡CAr’ (Ar’=3,5-tBu2C6H3) as substrates. These stoichiometric reactions proceed with formation of rhodium(III) alkynyl alkenyl derivatives and produce rhodium(I) complexes of conjugated 1,3-enynes by C−C bond reductive elimination through the annulus of the ancillary ligand. The intermediates are formed with orthogonal regioselectivity, with E-alkenyl complexes derived from HC≡CtBu and gem-alkenyl complexes derived from HC≡CAr’, and the reductive elimination step is appreciably affected by the ring size of the macrocycle. For the homocoupling of HC≡CtBu, E-tBuC≡CCH=CHtBu is produced via direct reductive elimination from the corresponding rhodium(III) alkynyl E-alkenyl derivatives with increasing efficacy as the ring is expanded. In contrast, direct reductive elimination of Ar'C≡CC(=CH2)Ar’ is encumbered relative to head-to-head coupling of HC≡CAr’ and it is only with the largest macrocyclic ligand studied that the two processes are competitive. These results showcase how macrocyclic ligands can be used to interrogate the mechanism and tune the outcome of terminal alkyne coupling reactions, and are discussed with reference to catalytic reactions mediated by the acyclic homologue [Rh(CNC-Me)(C2H4)][BArF4] and solvent effects.  相似文献   
115.
    
Although the conformation of the polymer chain of Ubiquitin (Ub) mainly depends on the type of isopeptide linkage connecting two Ub molecules, the non-covalent (noncovalent) interaction between two Ub molecules within the chain could also tune their conformational preference. Here, we studied the conformation of noncovalently formed Ub dimers in solution using residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). Comparing the RDC derived alignment tensor of the noncovalently formed dimer with the two most abundant (K11 and K48) covalent linked Ub dimers revealed that the conformation of K11 linked and noncovalent Ub dimers were similar. Between the various NMR and crystal structures of K11 linked Ub dimers, RDC tensor analysis showed that the structure of K11 linked dimer crystalized at neutral pH is similar to noncovalent dimer. Analogous to the experimental study, the comparison of predicted order matrix of various covalent Ub dimers with that of the experimentally determined order matrix of noncovalent Ub dimer also suggests that the conformation of K11 linked dimers crystalized at neutral pH is similar to the noncovalent dimer.  相似文献   
116.
    
A recent experiment [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017 , 56, 722–727] found that a (1 : 9) blend film of two anthracene derivatives, 2-fluorenyl-2-anthracene ( FlAnt ) and 2-anthryl-2-anthracence ( 2 A ), exhibit both efficient white light emission and high hole mobility, thus promising for organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs). Employing quantum chemistry at the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) levels, we investigated the excited-state structures, optical spectra, band structure and the carrier mobility for FlAnt and 2 A from solution to aggregate phases. We suggest using the ratio of intermolecular excitonic coupling J and intramolecular excited state relaxation energy E to judge the bathochromic shift in optical emission in aggregates. For FlAnt , ρ=J/E is calculated to be less than 0.17, a critical value we identified earlier, and the spectra in solution and aggregate phases present quite similar features (blue emission). However, ρ is ∼0.5 for 2 A systems, and the calculated emission in the aggregate phase exhibits a remarkable bathochromic shift. In addition, the 0–0 emission is strongly suppressed in the herringbone stacking. These observations justify the experimental findings that (i) 2 A is blue emissive in solution but yellow-green in the aggregate phase, whereas FlAnt is always blue, and (ii) the blend of them show white emission. By using the “quantum nuclear tunneling” model we proposed earlier, we found the hole mobility for FlAnt and 2 A are 0.5 and 4.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, indicating both are good hole transport materials.  相似文献   
117.
Hitherto there was no reaction known that permits transformations of R1R2-CO → 0.5 R1R2R3C–CR1R2R3 in one step. This type of additive–reductive carbonyl dimerization is now possible using alkoxy(alkyl)tungsten(v) complexes with aromatic, heteroaromatic or α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. When a corresponding phenyl complex was employed in a test experiment, it was revealed that an aliphatic ketone could be used as the substrate in this reaction. A second interesting type of reaction is the transformation of CH3 ligands into μ-CH2 ligands, which occurs during the treatment of MeLi or Me3Al with molybdenum or tungsten chlorides (oxidation states VI and V, for Mo additionally IV) at low temperatures with liberation of CH4. Here, the question arises as to whether the intermediate involved has a terminal CH2 ligand (Schrock carbene complex) or a μ-CH3 ligand (CH3 bound by a two-electron three-center bond to two metal atoms). Of all the μ-CH2 complexes obtained, those which were synthesized by the action of MeLi on molybdenum chlorides can be recommended as reagents for carbonylmethylenation of aldehydes and ketones. They display high selectivity, very low basicity, a surprising resistance to protons, they are readily available, can be easily modified and, as regards their selective behavior, they have been investigated more thoroughly than other readily accessible carbonylmethylenation reagents of comparable selectivity. The results of NMR spectroscopic investigations on the structure of the μ-CH2 complexes, and associated reaction mechanisms are discussed. A survey of carbonylmethylenation reagents, which have been reported in the literature, permits comparisons to be made with carbonylmethylenating molybdenum and tungsten complexes.  相似文献   
118.
Poly(4,6-di-n-butoxy-1,3-phenylene) ( 6 ) was prepared by oxidative coupling polymerization of 1,3-di-n-butoxybenzene ( 1 ) or 2,2′,4,4′-tetra-n-butoxy biphenyl (3). Polymerizations were conducted in nitrobenzene in the presence of FeCl3 at room temperature and produced polymers with number-average molecular weights up to 42,000. The effects of various factors, such as amount of FeCl3 and reaction temperature and time were studied. The structure of polymer 6 was characterized by 270 MHz 1H- and 68.5 MHz 13C-NMR spectroscopies and was estimated to consist of almost completely 1,3-linkage. The regiocontrolled polymer was readily soluble in common organic solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis of polymer 6 showed 10% weight loss at 390°C in nitrogen. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Chem 35 : 2259–2266, 1997  相似文献   
119.
最近几年来,利用稳定的重氮类化合物和N-对甲基苯磺酰腙类化合物作为金属卡宾前体,在过渡金属催化下通过形成金属卡宾的偶联反应引起了人们广泛的兴趣.金属卡宾前体与有机金属物种反应,可以生成金属卡宾中间体,并发生金属上基团的转移插入过程,得到新的有机金属物种,从而实现丰富的偶联反应.这类经由金属卡宾转移插入过程的交叉偶联反应为构建C?C键,C?N键以及许多环状化合物和不饱和有机分子结构提供了可靠而强有力的工具.本课题组一直致力于研究该类经由金属卡宾中间体的催化转化和偶联反应,报道了在铜催化下,对甲苯磺酰腙以及重氮类化合物可以与端炔反应,通过所形成的炔基铜卡宾中间体的转移插入过程,可高效得到联烯类化合物.该类反应条件相对温和,并且有很好的底物普适性.不仅各种多取代的联烯类化合物,而且苯并呋喃,菲以及呋喃等结构都可由这类铜催化的腙和炔烃的偶联反应来得到.在这些反应中,通过炔基铜卡宾中间体上炔基的转移插入过程,在形成了C(Sp3)-Cu键以后,通过铜的1,3-迁移过程,可以得到联烯结构,随后发生分子内杂原子的亲核进攻或者6π电子环化过程来实现苯并呋喃,菲等杂环类结构的构建.另一方面,该类反应进一步拓展和研究,可望得到其他有价值的有机分子骨架.环状的醚类结构,如四氢呋喃结构,也是有机化合物中常见的结构类型,我们希望从目前已经发展成熟的卡宾前体与炔烃生成联烯的偶联反应出发,通过分子内的串联过程来高效地构建取代的环状醚类结构.我们设想,在炔烃上引入氧原子作为亲核试剂,在形成联烯化合物以后,通过分子内氧原子对联烯基的亲核进攻,来实现串联的分子内关环反应,从而构建环状醚类结构.本文以CuI为催化剂,3-丁炔-1-醇为炔烃偶联组分,采用二芳基对甲苯磺酰腙作为金属卡宾前体,实现了取代四氢呋喃的合成.在对甲苯磺酰腙与3-丁炔-1-醇类化合物发生偶联反应生成二芳基联烯基化合物以后,采用一锅法实现分子内的关环反应,从而生成亚烯基取代的四氢呋喃化合物.该串联反应不仅具有原料易得和操作较为简便等优点,而且底物普适性和官能团耐受性都较好,多种取代的二芳基腙类化合物都能以较好的收率得到目标产物,从而为四氢呋喃类化合物的合成提供了一种新的方法.该反应进一步展示了经由金属卡宾中间体的交叉偶联反应的普遍性,将在有机化学和有机合成领域具有广泛的研究和应用价值.  相似文献   
120.
Semiconductor nanoparticles and nanostructures in the strong coupling regime exhibit an intriguing energy scale in the optical frequencies, which is specified by the Rabi splitting between the upper and lower exciton-polariton states. Technically, exciton-polaritons are part-light, part-matter quasiparticles that arise from the strong interaction of excitonic substances and photonic platforms. In this work, using full-wave numerical and theoretical studies, we showed the emergence of strong light-matter coupling between the nonradiating anapole states from an individual semiconductor nanodisk coupled to a J-aggregate fluorescent dye molecule resonating in the visible spectrum. By demonstrating the physical mechanism behind the observed energy splitting for various Lorentzian linewidth of excitonic material, we theoretically confirmed the obtained spectral responses by conducting photoluminescence spectroscopy analysis. The coupling of anapole resonances in semiconductor nanoparticles with excitonic levels can propose interesting possibilities for the control of directional light scattering in the strong coupling limit, and the dynamic tuning of deep-subwavelength light-matter coupled states by external stimuli.  相似文献   
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