Modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers,fabrics, and films by amination reactions—A review

Currently, many of our living facilities are dependent on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). It is utilized in the production of textiles, beverage bottles, food packaging, implants, and so forth. Although PET has desirable properties, it has to be amended for certain applications that have been modified by different methods. For modifications, aminolysis is used by several investigators, and this report reviews critically the related literature. Amines can be applied to impart the desired properties and produce active sites to be used for further alterations by successive reactions. Amine treatments alone enhance wettability, increase dyeability, and most applicable, produce functionality on the surface. By further reactions with several other chemicals, a spectrum of properties was endowed to PET products, such as flame retarding, anti-fouling property, highest hygroscopicity, silk-like character, biocompatibility, and so forth. There are a large number of works, mainly to change the surface properties, but the literature on the in vivo or common everyday evaluation of the amended products is scarce. Most of the modifications of PET products by amines are accompanied by a decrease in some other properties. Then the process of aminolysis and modifications have to be optimized with respect to several production parameters.     

涤棉混纺织物近红外定量分析模型的建立及相关问题探讨

在废旧纺织品回收再利用中,纤维类型和含量的快速、准确测定是回收方案的关键部分。以598个废旧涤棉混纺织物为研究对象,采用便携式近红外（NIR）光谱仪测试了样品的原始近红外光谱。在1 400～1 700和1 900～2 200 nm光谱区域,100％棉和100％聚酯样品的光谱存在明显差异,并且这些光谱差异存在于各种颜色纤维上。同时探讨了斜线光谱产生的原因可能是由于织物表面效果、着色方法及粘附在纤维表面的细小颗粒造成的。深色样品易造成其光谱基线在短波区发生漂移,经导数预处理后,基线漂移基本消除,斜线光谱呈现出正常光谱的特征。利用偏最小二乘（PLS）法结合一阶导数、S-G平滑、均值中心化和正交信号校正法,建立了废旧棉-涤混纺织物定量分析模型。为了验证模型的可靠性,选取346个样本采用内部交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）和预测样品集外部检验法对模型进行检验,模型的RMSECV值0.002、校正集相关系数R_C＝0.998、预测相关系数R_P=0.997、预测标准差SEP＝1.121,模型预测正确率可达97％。对模型进行匹配样本t检验结果显示,NIR方法与国家标准方法无显着性差异。NIR预测值与重量法测定值误差在±3％以内时,二者的一致性在90％以上,当误差在±5％以内,二者的一致性在95％以上,分析时间小于10 s。因此,利用近红外技术结合所建模型可以快速、准确地预测废旧棉/涤混纺织物纤维成分的含量。     

实验研究射频辉光放电改善苎麻织物毛细效应的时效性

介绍射频辉光放电等离子体改善苎麻织物毛细效应的时效性的实验。分别在充入氩气、氮气、氧气的真空室中对苎麻织物进行射频辉光放电等离子体处理,在每一种处理过程中分别改变其处理时间、放电功率和真空室压强。测试了放置不同时间的经不同等离子体参数处理后的苎麻织物的毛细效应,得出各种参数的等离子体处理对苎麻织物毛细效应时效性的影响。实验结果表明,苎麻织物被等离子体离子体处理后毛细效应得到明显改善,其毛细效应随放置时间的变化为先快速下降,然后变缓,逐渐趋于稳定,这种毛细效应的改善具有良好的时效性,其中100W、40Pa的氧等离子体处理20分钟后的苎麻织物的毛细效应时效性最好。     

利用X射线衍射光谱研究丝织品的老化

中国考古出土的丝织品数量大,种类丰富,是中国古代文化遗产的重要组成部分,但由于丝蛋白易于降解老化的材料特性,有许多保护问题需要研究解决。对古代丝织品老化程度、老化特征的分析检测有助于了解丝织品的保存状况,并可为保护方法的选择与改进提供帮助。文章通过X射线衍射分析对丝织品老化特征及结晶度的变化进行了研究。样品为经光老化、热老化和水解老化的白色丝织品和出土于湖北、陕西、内蒙古、青海的古代丝织品。X射线衍射分析结果表明,X射线衍射分析可以揭示丝织品的老化作用过程和老化特征,以及相应结晶度的变化,对于出土古代丝织品保存状况及老化机理的研究来说具有实用价值。同时还可为了解古代染织工艺的发展提供信息。     

Characterization of methyl methacrylate grafting onto preirradiated biodegradable lignocellulose fiber by gamma-radiation

Gamma-radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto natural lignocellulose (jute) fiber was carried out by the preirradiation method in an aqueous medium by using octylphenoxy-polyethoxyethanol as an emulsifier. The different factors that influenced the graft copolymer reaction process were investigated. In the case of radiation-dose-dependent grafting, samples irradiated in the presence of air produced up to 73% graft weight compared to 53% obtained in the case of irradiation in a nitrogen environment. By assuming Arrhenius reaction kinetics, the activation energy (E(a)) of the grafting reaction process was evaluated for different reaction temperatures. Moreover, the graft copolymer reaction was controlled by incorporating a homopolymer-inhibiting agent and three different chain-transfer agents in the reaction medium. The mechanical and thermal properties of jute fiber 'as received' and jute-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) were also investigated. The results showed that the percentage of grafting with jute fiber has a significant effect on the properties. The kinetic parameters were evaluated from TGA thermograms by using Broido's method in the temperature range 240-350 degrees C. Scanning electron micrographs show that the structural changes on the surface of jute fibers were induced by graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate monomer. Fiber-fiber surface friction was measured in terms of the average maximum load and the kinetic friction. SEM of jute-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate).     

Use of Sucrose‐based Epoxy ­Formulations and Cellulosic Fibers in ­the Design,Preparation, and Screening ­of New Composite Insulation Materials

Non‐woven composite insulation materials were generated from cotton, kenaf, jute, polyester, polypropylene, sucrose‐based epoxy formulations, and aluminum foil. The needlepunched fiber batts were rendered flame resistant by use of inorganic reagents and urea. To discover suitable epoxy formulations to bind the cellulose fibers to themselves or to dissimilar surfaces and to make flexible composites, a comparison of the performance of the known epoxy allyl sucroses (EAS), epoxy crotyl sucroses (ECS), and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) was made. The epoxies were cured with commercial diethylenetriamine (DETA), and UNIREZs‐2142 and 2355®, to discover a formulation with the following characteristics: (a) low cure temperature; (b) low Young's moduli and glass transition temperatures of cured thermosets for flexible composites; (c) ample bond strength between the fabric and the bonded surfaces; and (d) non‐cytotoxicity and non‐mutagenicity of the epoxies. Based on results following these criteria, EAS was selected, and the formulation comprising EAS and UNIREZ‐2355® was deemed suitable to bind fiber batts to surfaces of any type and geometry. ASTM guidelines were used to construct a wooden frame cube (heat box) for the simultaneous rapid screening of cellulosic fiber batts and composites. The new materials were compared against R‐19 fiberglass insulation for their ability to resist heat flow (denoted by relative R‐values) and time taken to approach thermal equilibrium. Plain non‐woven cellulosic fiber batts showed relative R‐values of 4.0 °F ft² hr/Btu per inch thickness (0.27 K m²/W per cm), and took about 2 hr to establish equilibrium heat flow. Commercial fiberglass batts showed relative R‐values­of 2.2 per in (0.15 per cm) and took 1 hr to attain equilibrium heat flow. When 6.25 in (15.9 cm) thick batts of fiberglass were needle punched to a thickness of 1 in (2.54 cm), relative R‐values and equilibrium heat flow times were 4.0 per in (0.27 per cm) and 2 hr, respectively. This denoted that the densities and thermal resistances of non‐conducting materials are raised concurrently. Anisotropic heat flow behavior was observed in cellulosic fiber composites with aluminum foil (shiny side out) bonded on one side. It depended upon whether the aluminum foil side or the fibers side faced the heat source. In the latter orientation the aluminum acted as a heat sink, and in the former orientation the foil acted as a poor heat reflector. The poor performance of these insulation composites was related to the fact that aluminum was directly bonded to the fiber batts and was acting as a heat conductor. When cellulose fiber shims (spacers) were placed between the fiber batts and the aluminum foil, the R‐values of the composites were comparable to those of plain batts but the times taken to approach thermal equilibrium increased to >3 hr, denoting that the foil was acting more as a reflector and less as a conductor. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Substituted 5-Antipyrinylazo-4-phenyl-2-aminothiazoles as Disperse Dyes for Dyeing Polyester Fabrics

Summary. A series of some new substituted 5-antipyrinylazo-4-phenyl-2-aminothiazole disperse dyes was synthesized by diazocoupling of 4-antipyrinyldiazonium chloride with aminothiazole derivatives. The synthesized dyes were characterized by UV-Vis absorption, IR, ¹H NMR, and MS spectroscopy. The dyes gave orange to reddish-violet shades with very good depth and levelness when applied to polyester fabrics as disperse dyes and their fastness properties were evaluated on polyester fibers. Also the position of color in CIELAB coordinates (L^*, a^*, b^*, H^*, and C^*) was assessed.     

A novel approach for Apocynum venetum/cotton blended fabrics modification by cationic polymer nanoparticles

Apocynum venetum/cotton blended fabrics have been subjected to treat with cationic polymer nanoparticles followed by dyeing with Acid Red B,and then studied for their dyeing performance and morphology.The investigation on the effect of modification factors on the blended fabrics indicated that the 0.5 g/L nanoparticles concentration,60 min treating time,60 °C treating temperature and pH 6-8 are the optimum modification process to improve the dyeability of acid dye.In addition,the SEM images show that nanoparticles can be adsorbed on the surface of modified A.venetum or cotton fibers,and the two different fibers could have the same adsorption ability to Acid Red B.     

Pattern formation in the three-dimensional deformations of fibered sheets

We simulate pattern formation in the deformations of a pantographic lattice using a model of elastic surfaces that accounts for the geodesic bending of the constituent fibers. The theory predicts an unusual arrangement of coexistent phases observed in an actual lattice, manufactured by a 3D printing process, in which the fibers undergo part-wise uniform shears separated by internal transition layers controlled by geodesic bending stiffness.     

Superhydrophobic cotton fabric fabricated by electrostatic assembly of silica nanoparticles and its remarkable buoyancy

Highly hydrophilic cotton fabrics were rendered superhydrophobic via electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolyte/silica nanoparticle multilayers on cotton fibers, followed with a fluoroalkylsilane treatment. The surface morphology of the silica nanoparticle-coated fibers, which results in the variety of the hydrophobicity, can be tailored by controlling the multilayer number. Although with the static contact angle larger than 150°, in the case of 1 or 3 multilayers, the fabrics showed sticky property with a high contact angle hysteresis (>45°). For the cotton fabrics assembled with 5 multilayers or more, slippery superhydrophobicity with a contact angle hysteresis lower than 10° was achieved. The buoyancy of the superhydrophobic fabric was examined by using a miniature boat made with the fabric. The superhydrophobic fabric boat exhibited a remarkable loading capacity; for a boat with a volume of 8.0 cm³, the maximum loading was 11.6 or 12.2 g when the boat weight is included. Moreover, the superhydrophobic cotton fabric showed a reasonable durability to withstand at least 30 machine washing cycles.