10－6—10－4m2/s黏度液体中靶受力学作用的测试与分析

通过自行研制的光纤传感器对不同黏度液体中材料靶后的力学作用进行研究，获得了液体黏度变化对等离子体烧蚀力、射流冲击力及空泡生存周期的影响. 实验结果表明：液体黏度相同时，靶材所受冲击力幅值随作用激光能量的增加单调上升；液体黏度增加时，靶材所受的冲击力减小，靶材的空化空蚀程度亦减小；受液体黏度增大的影响，空泡膨胀或收缩过程减缓，相应的生存周期也增大. 此外，对空泡溃灭周期公式进行修正, 结果表明修正后的理论估算值与实验值的一致性较好.     

Nonlinear analysis of the deformation and breakup of viscous microjets using the method of lines

We present a numerical model for predicting the instability and breakup of viscous microjets of Newtonian fluid. We adopt a one‐dimensional slender‐jet approximation and obtain the equations of motion in the form of a pair of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). We solve these equations using the method of lines, wherein the PDEs are transformed to a system of ordinary differential equations for the nodal values of the jet variables on a uniform staggered grid. We use the model to predict the instability and satellite formation in infinite microthreads of fluid and continuous microjets that emanate from an orifice. For the microthread analysis, we take into account arbitrary initial perturbations of the free‐surface and jet velocity, as well as Marangoni instability that is due to an arbitrary variation in the surface tension. For the continuous nozzle‐driven jet analysis, we take into account arbitrary time‐dependent perturbations of the free‐surface, velocity and/or surface tension as boundary conditions at the nozzle orifice. We validate the model using established computational data, as well as axisymmetric, volume of fluid (VOF) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The key advantages of the model are its ease of implementation and speed of computation, which is several orders of magnitude faster than the VOF CFD simulations. The model enables rapid parametric analysis of jet breakup and satellite formation as a function of jet dimensions, modulation parameters, and fluid rheology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Jet impingement onto a tapered hole: Influence of jet velocity and hole wall velocities on heat transfer and skin friction

Jet impingement onto a hole with elevated wall temperature can be associated with the high‐temperature thermal drilling, where the gas jet is used for shielding the hole wall from the high‐temperature oxidation reactions as observed in the case of laser drilling. In laser processing, the molten flow from the hole wall occurs; and in the model study, the hole wall velocity resembling the molten flow should be accounted for. In the present study, gas jet impingement onto tapered hole with elevated temperature is considered and the heat transfer rates as well as skin friction at the hole wall surface are predicted. The velocity of molten flow from the hole wall determined from the previous study is adopted in the simulations and the effect of hole wall velocity on the heat transfer rates and skin friction is also examined. It is found that the Nusselt number and skin friction at the hole wall in the regions of hole inlet and exit attain high values. The influence of hole wall velocity on the Nusselt number and skin friction is found not to be very significant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anomalous thermochromic transition of poly(di‐n‐octylsilane)

The thermochromic behavior of poly(di‐n‐octylsilane) {[Si(C₈H₁₇)₂]_n; PDOS} was studied by ultraviolet (UV) absorption, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The structure of PDOS in the low‐temperature phase strongly depended on not only the temperature but also the rate of cooling, that is, the thermal history. Temperature‐dependent UV absorption spectra were highly dependent on thermal hysteresis. Cooled rapidly (10 K/min), PDOS showed two absorption peaks at 3.32 and 3.51 eV in low‐temperature‐ordered phases, whereas a single absorption peak at 3.32 eV became predominant with slow cooling (0.3 K/min). The appearance of the two peaks at low temperatures suggested that a mixture of different conformations was introduced by rapid cooling. A fiber diffraction pattern measured at 240 K after rapid cooling also showed evidence of the existence of novel conformation. A temperature‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction pattern changed significantly between 270 and 280 K. Rapid cooling reduced the intensity of the X‐ray diffraction peak in this temperature region. This intensity change was explained by the conformational mixture in the polymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 1085–1092, 2001     

牛顿对热学的贡献

针对学术界对牛顿热学成就的研究较为薄弱的状况，详细论述了牛顿在计温术和传热学上所取得的成果，并分析了其发现冷却定律的背景，指出该定律的发现与他长期从事冶金试验密切相关；探讨了牛顿对热的本质与若干热现象的见解及其历史价值。     

Observation of single Ca ions for trace isotope analysis

We developed an ion trap — laser cooling system for observing the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) of a single ion, in the view of utilizing it for the trace isotope analysis of Ca. We observed stepwise LIF signals, which correspond to the numbers of trapped ⁴⁰Ca⁺ ions (⁴⁰Ca/Ca = 96.9%). The detection efficiency was evaluated and the observation of single ions demonstrated the experimental feasibility of trace isotope analysis. Furthermore, as the next step towards trace isotope analysis, we report observation of the even calcium isotopes, ⁴⁴Ca (⁴⁴Ca/Ca = 2.09%) and ⁴⁸Ca (⁴⁸Ca/Ca = 0.187%), without the use of a selective loading method.     

Improving the specularity of magnetic mirrors for atoms

An array of anti-parallel current-carrying wires creates an inhomogeneous magnetic field capable of reflecting neutral atoms. We present analytical and numerical analyses of the magnetic field produced by such an array, and describe methods for reducing the resulting rms angular deviation from specular reflection to less than 0.1 mrad. Careful choice of cross-sectional wire profiles is shown to dramatically improve specularity of reflection close to the surface. Additionally, we find that the specularity depends on whether the number of wires in the mirror is even or odd, and that there exists an optimal turning height above the surface that maximizes the specularity of reflection from the mirror. Received 16 November 1998     

DSC Calibration During Cooling. A survey of possible compounds

A number of compounds is investigated for DSC calibration during cooling. Adamantane and Zn show fast reversible transitions and can be applied both for temperature and for heat calibrations. A third compound, namely 4,4’-azoxyanisole, has a liquid crystal to isotropic liquid transition at 409K. This compound can be used for temperature calibration. Heat calibration with this compound is more problematic because of the small heat effect and the construction of the baseline. Other compounds like NaNO₃, In, Hg and Pb, show a slight supercooling. Nevertheless they can be used for heat calibration. The use of large samples of NaNO₃ and In gives the possibility to construct the equilibrium onset temperatures of the cooling peaks, so these two compounds are also appropriate for temperature calibration on cooling. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

强激光对铜反射镜的热破坏效应

本文给出了一个激光对光学材料表面热破坏效应的简化物理模型及数值研究结果。所得到的铜反射镜热破坏阈值与激光脉宽的关系与实验和理论符合很好。提出了反射镜后表面外冷却临界厚度的概念,并得到一个关于多脉冲积累效应的幂定标关系。     

Theory on single molecule-photon cryocooler

The micro mechanism of anti-Stokes fluorescent cooling was investigated on molecular or ionic scale. A new conception of single molecule-photon cryocooler (SMPC) was given, and the smallest cryocooler in the world was predicted. We described SMPC and its running principle in detail. The quantum transition processes of SMPC and the largest cooling coefficient that SMPC can get in an optical transition were given. Also we studied the random property of SMPC in cooling processes. The thermodynamic behavior of single Yb³⁺ ion as a photon cryocooler was imitated.