On a Model of Heterogenous Deformation of Elastic Bodies by the Mechanism of Multiple Appearance of New Phase Layers

A model describing a possible scenario of martensite type phase transformations is examined. A new phase is supposed to nucleate in the form of plane parallel layers. As the boundary condition, average strains are imposed. Then, the governing parameters of the two-phase structure are the concentration of new phase layers, their orientation and also the orientation of anisotropy axes. The parameters depend on the average strains and are determined by the requirement to minimize the average Helmholtz free-energy function. Once a general procedure has been discussed, average strain–stress diagrams are constructed for two cases. In the first case, for the simplicity sake, both phases are assumed to be isotropic. In the second case anisotropy is produced by a non-spherical phase transformation strain tensor. For both cases phase transition zones (PTZs) are constructed. The PTZ is formed in the space of strains by those which can exist on equilibrium interfaces. Loading and unloading paths, corresponding to uniaxial stretching and plane stretching/compression, are examined and related with the PTZ. Effects of internal stresses induced by the nucleation of new phase areas and the anisotropy of new phase are discussed.     

On the General Structure of Small on Large Problems for Elastic Deformations of Varga Materials II: Axially Symmetric Deformations

In Part I of this article, we have formulated the general structure of the equations governing small plane strain deformations which are superimposed upon a known large plane strain deformation for the perfectly elastic incompressible 'modified' Varga material, and assuming only that the initial large plane deformation is a known solution of one of three first integrals previously derived by the authors. For axially summetric deformations there are only two such first integrals, one of which applies only to the single term Varga strain-energy function, and we give here the corresponding general equations for small superimposed deformations. As an illustration, a partial analysis for the case of small deformations superimposed upon the eversion of a thick spherical shell is examined. The Varga strain-energy functions are known to apply to both natural and synthetic rubber, provided the magnitude of the deformation is restricted. Their behaviour in both simple tension and equibiaxial tension, and in comparison to experimental data, is shown graphically in Part I of this paper [1]. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A theory of strain-gradient plasticity for isotropic, plastically irrotational materials. Part II: Finite deformations

This paper generalizes to finite deformations our companion paper [Gurtin, M.E., Anand, L., 2004. A theory of strain-gradient plasticity for isotropic, plastically irrotational materials. Part I: Small deformations. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, submitted]. Specifically, we develop a gradient theory for finite-deformation isotropic viscoplasticity in the absence of plastic spin. The theory is based on the Kröner–Lee decomposition F = F^eF^p of the deformation gradient into elastic and plastic parts; a system of microstresses consistent with a microforce balance; a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via microstresses, work performed during viscoplastic flow; a constitutive theory that allows:

• the microstresses to depend on D^p, the gradient of the plastic stretching,

• the free energy ψ to depend on the Burgers tensor G = F^pCurlF^p.

The microforce balance when augmented by constitutive relations for the microstresses results in a nonlocal flow rule in the form of a tensorial second-order partial differential equation for F^p. The microstresses are strictly dissipative when ψ is independent of the Burgers tensor, but when ψ depends on G the microstresses are partially energetic, and this, in turn, leads to backstresses and (hence) Bauschinger-effects in the flow rule. The typical macroscopic boundary conditions are supplemented by nonstandard microscopic boundary conditions associated with viscoplastic flow, and, as an aid to numerical solution, a weak (virtual power) formulation of the nonlocal flow rule is derived. Finally, the dependences of the microstresses on D^p are shown, analytically, to result in strengthening and possibly weakening of the body induced by viscoplastic flow.     

Finite viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity of semicrystalline polymers

Observations are reported on low-density polyethylene in uniaxial tensile and compressive tests with various strain rates and in tensile and compressive relaxation tests with various strains. A constitutive model is developed for the time-dependent response of a semicrystalline polymer at arbitrary three-dimensional deformations with finite strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent network of chains bridged by junctions (entanglements between chains in the amorphous phase and physical cross-links at the lamellar surfaces). Its viscoelastic behavior is associated with separation of active strands from temporary junctions and merging of dangling strands with the inhomogeneous network. The viscoplastic response is attributed to sliding of junctions between chains with respect to their reference positions. Constitutive equations are derived by using the laws of thermodynamics. The stress–strain relations involve 6 material constants that are found by matching the observations.      

Verma-Type Modules for Quantum Affine Lie Algebras

Let be an untwisted affine Kac–Moody algebra and M_J() a Verma-type module for with J-highest weight P. We construct quantum Verma-type modules M_J^q() over the quantum group , investigate their properties and show that M_J^q() is a true quantum deformation of M_J() in the sense that the weight structure is preserved under the deformation. We also analyze the submodule structure of quantum Verma-type modules. Presented by A. VerschorenMathematics Subject Classifications (2000) 17B37, 17B67, 81R50.The first author is a Regular Associate of the ICTP. The third author was supported in part by a Faculty Research Grant from St. Lawrence University.     

Eigenvalues of the Laplacian acting on -forms and metric conformal deformations

Let be a compact connected orientable Riemannian manifold of dimension and let be the -th positive eigenvalue of the Laplacian acting on differential forms of degree on . We prove that the metric can be conformally deformed to a metric , having the same volume as , with arbitrarily large for all .

Note that for the other values of , that is and , one can deduce from the literature that, 0$">, the -th eigenvalue is uniformly bounded on any conformal class of metrics of fixed volume on .

For , we show that, for any positive integer , there exists a metric conformal to such that, , , that is, the first eigenforms of are all exact forms.

     

Isometric deformations of surfaces preserving the third fundamental form

We study the following problem: To what extend is a surface in the Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^{4}\) determined by the third fundamental form? We prove the existence of families of surfaces in \(\mathbb{R}^{4}\) which allow isometric deformations with isometric but not congruent Gaussian images. In particular, we provide a method which gives locally all surfaces in \(\mathbb{ R}^{4}\) with conformal Gauss map that allow such deformations. As a consequence, we have a way for constructing non-spherical pseudoumbilical surfaces in \(\mathbb{R}^{4}.\)     

Evaluation of residual deformations generated by a pulsed ion implanter using interferometric phase measurement

A Fourier transform method of holographic fringe pattern analysis is applied to measure surface residual deformations generated by a pulsed ion implanter. The technique uses a fixture that makes it possible to remove the specimen and put it back into the same position after being implanted. The phase information from interferograms extracted by means of the Fourier transform method is unwrapped using an algorithm based on cellular automata. Results computed from the application of a numerical model are compared with those determined experimentally and a reasonable agreement is obtained.     

On Non-Symmetric Deformations of an Incompressible Nonlinearly Elastic Isotropic Sphere

A class of non-symmetric deformations of a neo-Hookean incompressible nonlinearly elastic sphere are investigated. It is found via the semi-inverse method that, to satisfy the governing three-dimensional equations of equilibrium and the incompressibility constraint, only three special cases of the class of deformation fields are possible. One of these is the trivial solution, one the solution describing radially symmetric deformation, and the other a (non-symmetric, non-homogeneous) deformation describing inflation and stretching. The implications of these results for cavitation phenomena are also discussed. In the course of this work, we also present explicitly the spherical polar coordinate form of the equilibrium equations for the nominal stress tensor for a general hyperelastic solid. These are more complicated than their counterparts for Cauchy stresses due to the mixed bases (both reference and deformed) associated with the nominal (or Piola-Kirchhoff) stress tensor, but more useful in considering general deformation fields. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.