Allelopathic Toxicity of Cyanamide Could Control Amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Field

The inclination toward natural products has led to the onset of the discovery of new bioactive metabolites that could be targeted for specific therapeutic or agronomic applications. Despite increasing knowledge coming to light of allelochemicals as leads for new herbicides, relatively little is known about the mode of action of allelochemical-based herbicides on herbicide-resistant weeds. Cyanamide is an allelochemical produced by hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.). This study aimed to detect the toxicity of cyanamide to alfalfa and amaranth. Seed germination experiments were carried out by the filter paper culture, and the seedling growth inhibition experiment was carried out by spraying alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seedlings with cyanamide. The results showed that when the concentration of cyanamide was 0.1 g·L⁻¹, the germination of amaranth seeds could be completely inhibited without affecting the germination of alfalfa seeds. At the concentration of 0.5 g·L⁻¹, cyanamide could significantly inhibit the growth of the root and stem of amaranth seedlings but did not affect the growth of alfalfa. This effect was associated with the induction of oxidative stress. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity of amaranth decreased by 6.828 U/g FW and 290.784 U/g FW, respectively. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content, peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of amaranth firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing concentration of CA. These enzyme activities of amaranth changed more than that of alfalfa. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes APX, CAT, POD, and SOD and the content of MDA varied dramatically, thereby demonstrating the great influence of reactive oxygen species upon identified allelochemical exposure. In addition, cyanamide can also inhibit the production of chlorophyll, thereby affecting the growth of plants. From the above experiments, we know that cyanamide can inhibit the growth of amaranth in alfalfa fields. Thus, the changes caused by cyanamide described herein can contribute to a better understanding of the actions of allelochemical and the potential use of cyanamide in the production of bioherbicides.     

The SWGEDWGEIW from Soybean Peptides Reduce Oxidative Damage-Mediated Apoptosis in PC-12 Cells by Activating SIRT3/FOXO3a Signaling Pathway

The goal of the investigation was to study the protective effects of the SWGEDWGEIW (the single peptide, TSP) from soybean peptides (SBP) on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced apoptosis together with mitochondrial dysfunction in PC-12 cells and their possible implications to protection mechanism. Meanwhile, the SBP was used as a control experiment. The results suggested that SBP and TSP significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited cellular oxidative damage and ROS-mediated apoptosis. In addition, SBP and TSP also enhanced multiple mitochondrial biological activities, decreased mitochondrial ROS levels, amplified mitochondrial respiration, increased cellular maximal respiration, spare respiration capacity, and ATP production. In addition, SBP and TSP significantly (p < 0.05) raised the SIRT3 protein expression and the downstream functional gene FOXO3a. In the above activity tests, the activity of TSP was slightly higher than that of SBP. Taken together, our findings suggested that SBP and TSP can be used as promising nutrients for oxidative damage reduction in neurons, and TSP is more effective than SBP. Therefore, TSP has the potential to replace SBP and reduce neuronal oxidative damage.     

人工智能在断裂力学的应用——裂纹识别、诊断及预测

在过去的二十年里,人工智能学者不断开发新的技术及方法应用于解决工程问题。虽然许多学者已经成功应用这些人工智能技术及方法解决工程问题,但是目前还没有相关文献系统地介绍这些技术及方法在断裂力学中的应用与发展。主要介绍了经典断裂力学的发展以及成果,并归纳总结近年来人工智能方法在断裂力学中的应用,将其成果细分为三类,包括失效模式识别,损伤和失效的检测及诊断和断裂参数的表征、反演和预测。详细讨论了人工智能方法在上述三个方面的应用情况。最后分析了这些人工智能方法在断裂力学领域中的优点及不足并提出了未来可能的研究方向。

     

准脆性材料的弹塑性各向异性损伤耦合本构模型研究

针对准脆性材料的非线性特征,在热动力学框架内,建立了准脆性材料的弹塑性与各向异性损伤耦合的本构关系.对准脆性材料的变形机理和损伤诱发的各向异性进行了诠释,并给出了损伤构形和有效构形中各物理量之间的关系.在有效应力空间内,建立了塑性屈服准则、拉压不同的塑性随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则.在损伤构形中,采用应变能释放率,建立了拉压损伤准则、拉压不同的损伤随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则.基于塑性屈服准则和损伤准则,构建了塑性势泛函和损伤势泛函,并由正交性法则,给出了塑性和损伤强化效应内变量的演化规律,同时,联立塑性屈服面和损伤加载面,给出了塑性流动和损伤演化内变量的演化法则.将损伤力学和塑性力学结合起来,建立了应变驱动的应力-应变增量本构关系,给出了本构数值积分的要点.以单轴加载-卸载往复试验识别和校准了材料常数,并对简单试验进行了预测,结果表明,所建本构模型对准脆件材料的非线性材料性能有良好的预测能力.     

基于匹配追踪算法的复合材料冲击损伤成像技术

基于Lamb波和匹配追踪算法,提出了一种损伤成像方法,对复合材料冲击损伤进行在线的连续监测。首先针对Lamb波监测的特点,提出了匹配追踪方法的快速实现方案,将信号分解为多个Chirplet原子的线性组合,建立了Lamb的弥散效应与Chirplet原子的调频斜率之间的关系,模拟结果表明Chirplet原子能准确地匹配失真变形的窄带脉冲信号;根据损伤前与损伤后的信号差别,提出了一种基于Lamb波能量特征差异提取的损伤指标;进一步采用改进的RAPID算法进行损伤成像,将损伤情况可视化。结果表明所提方法可行和有效。     

大口径衍射光栅10 ps激光损伤阈值测量（英）

在采用啁啾脉冲放大技术的高功率短脉冲激光装置中,终端衍射光栅的损伤阈值是限制装置输出能力的瓶颈之一。提出了测量大口径光栅损伤阈值的方法。该方法通过在线监测采集大口径光斑的同发近场光强分布情况和相应的光栅损伤图像,并经过一系列后期图像数据处理,建立起能量与损伤点的对应关系,经过一个测试光斑便可获得所有通量下的光栅损伤特性。该测量方法对光斑均匀性没有硬性要求,为损伤测量装置中难以解决的光斑均匀性问题提出了新的应对思路和方法。     

冲击波作用下LY12铝合金结构毁伤的数值模拟

针对冲击波作用下的结构毁伤判据问题,利用LS-DYNA软件,对LY12铝合金平板结构的损伤过程进行了数值模拟。讨论了冲击波超压、正压作用时间、材料屈服强度和结构自振频率等因素对结构破坏的影响规律,提出了一个以超压为函数,以正压作用时间、材料屈服强度和结构自振频率为参量的破坏判据,与实验结果比较,该判据吻合程度较高。     

高功率半导体激光对光学元件损伤特性

为研究880 nm高功率半导体连续激光器对光学元件的损伤特性,选择了K9玻璃、ZnSe晶体和无氧铜进行镀膜加工,形成高反射率和高透过率的光学元件。通过调节到达光学元件表面的平均功率和改变光斑大小来改变光学元件表面的功率密度,并连续照射30 s,最终通过显微镜来观察元件的激光损伤形貌。研究结果表明：镀高反膜的K9玻璃在功率密度达到600 W/cm2时,膜系表面出现烧熔现象,当达到1 000 W/cm2时出现炸裂现象,而无氧铜基底镀金反射镜在上述功率密度下未发现损伤;而镀增透膜的ZnSe晶体在激光功率密度高达1 000 W/cm2时,通过显微镜观察没有发现明显的损伤,热像仪显示基底温升为5 ℃。     

杂质对溶胶-凝胶SiO2薄膜激光损伤的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了含有吸收性杂质和非吸收性杂质的SiO2增透膜,采用波长为1 064 nm的激光对其进行了小光斑激光预处理,对比研究了预处理前后的激光损伤差异,研究表明：激光预处理对于洁净的SiO2薄膜影响不大;含10 μm SiO2颗粒杂质的样品微透镜效应很明显,容易成为损伤起始的种子,激光预处理后情况有所改善;含有CeO2颗粒杂质的样品表现出了很强的吸收性质,损伤阈值降低到不足洁净样品的一半。所有样品激光预处理后损伤形貌未发生变化,透光率峰值均有约50 nm的蓝移。     

CO2连续激光对单晶硅电池的辐照效应

研究了CO2激光对单晶硅太阳能电池的辐照效应,并对其损伤机理进行了分析。在激光功率密度较低而不能使电池产生物理损伤时,电池的性能会因在被辐照过程中温度的升高而产生暂时性降低;当激光功率密度高到使电池产生物理损伤时,电池的输出性能便产生永久下降。通过对比激光辐照前后电池伏安特性曲线和输出功率曲线的变化情况,结合对损伤形貌的分析,表明：当电池被物理损伤之后,电池的性能会出现大幅度下降,硅PN结的严重烧蚀破坏是主要原因。