Algorithmic methods of reference-line construction for estimating long-term strength of plastic pipe system

Two simple and error free methods (direct and interpolation) for obtaining mathematical models for constructing reference lines were developed and successfully applied to the hydrostatic stress-rupture data of polyethylene pipes. Both methods employed an algorithmic process that analyzed the observed stress-rupture data along with its mathematical model of the 50% regression (LTHS) line. For each method, a shift value Δc was determined and was used to obtain the mathematical model for constructing reference lines that satisfied the requirement of ISO TS 26873. That is, the reference lines so constructed accommodated at least 97.5% of all stress-rupture data points on or above this line, in addition to being parallel to and vertically shifted below the 50% regression lines by an amount Δc. In the direct method, the reference line was made to pass directly over the data point that is equal to or the first data point greater than the 97.5% data position among all data points. On the other hand, the interpolation method extracted a shift value that corresponded to the 97.5% data position by interpolating between the first data points over and below 97.5%. In this case, the reference lines were made to pass through the interpolated position of 97.5% at every temperature. The advantage of the proposed algorithmic methods is that the determination of mathematical models for reference lines only involves finding the data position(s) with a vertical shift value of Δc that satisfies the ≤97.5% requirement. With these methods, uncertainties and errors associated with the current trial and error approach for constructing reference lines can be eliminated. In this paper, the details of the algorithmic process for obtaining a proper shift value and using it to develop the mathematical model are described for each method. Also, examples of constructing reference lines using these models are illustrated for polyethylene pipes.     

High Hydrostatic Pressure Induces a Lipid Phase Transition and Molecular Rearrangements in Low‐Density Lipoprotein Nanoparticles

Low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) are natural lipid transporter in human plasma whose chemically modified forms contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases accounting for a vast majority of deaths in westernized civilizations. For the development of new treatment strategies, it is important to have a detailed picture of LDL nanoparticles on a molecular basis. Through the combination of X‐ray and neutron small‐angle scattering (SAS) techniques with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) this study describes structural features of normolipidemic, triglyceride‐rich and oxidized forms of LDL. Due to the different scattering contrasts for X‐rays and neutrons, information on the effects of HHP on the internal structure determined by lipid rearrangements and changes in particle shape becomes accessible. Independent pressure and temperature variations provoke a phase transition in the lipid core domain. With increasing pressure an interrelated anisotropic deformation and flattening of the particle are induced. All LDL nanoparticles maintain their structural integrity even at 3000 bar and show a reversible response toward pressure variations. The present work depicts the complementarity of pressure and temperature as independent thermodynamic parameters and introduces HHP as a tool to study molecular assembling and interaction processes in distinct lipoprotein particles in a nondestructive manner.     

A depth‐integrated non‐hydrostatic finite element model for wave propagation

This paper presents a two‐dimensional finite element model for simulating dynamic propagation of weakly dispersive waves. Shallow water equations including extra non‐hydrostatic pressure terms and a depth‐integrated vertical momentum equation are solved with linear distributions assumed in the vertical direction for the non‐hydrostatic pressure and the vertical velocity. The model is developed based on the platform of a finite element model, CCHE2D. A physically bounded upwind scheme for the advection term discretization is developed, and the quasi second‐order differential operators of this scheme result in no oscillation and little numerical diffusion. The depth‐integrated non‐hydrostatic wave model is solved semi‐implicitly: the provisional flow velocity is first implicitly solved using the shallow water equations; the non‐hydrostatic pressure, which is implicitly obtained by ensuring a divergence‐free velocity field, is used to correct the provisional velocity, and finally the depth‐integrated continuity equation is explicitly solved to satisfy global mass conservation. The developed wave model is verified by an analytical solution and validated by laboratory experiments, and the computed results show that the wave model can properly handle linear and nonlinear dispersive waves, wave shoaling, diffraction, refraction and focusing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高聚物P(EO)n-CuBr2薄膜在流体静高压下离子电导率和介电常数的提高(Ⅰ)——发现三种不同相的压力效应

 用混溶蒸发法制备出一系列高聚物P(EO)_n-CuBr₂（n=4, 8, 12, 16, 24）薄膜,并详细测量它们在0.1～350 MPa静水压范围内的复阻抗谱、在0.1～2 400 MPa静水压范围内的交流电导率以及介电常数。结果表明：离子电导率对压力的依赖关系（σ-p曲线）是条折线,可分解为四条直线相迭加。进一步做X射线衍射物相分析,它们分别归于PEO非晶相的压力效应、PEO结晶相的压力效应和析出CuBr₂新相的压力效应。由此计算出上述三种不同相所对应的激活体积、截止压力各自随高聚物P(EO)_n-CuBr₂薄膜组分的变化。为减小离子电导率的压力效应提供了物理基础。     

Strength of Unidirectional Composites under High Hydrostatic Pressures

The dependence of the strength properties of two unidirectional fibrous composites on high (up to 500 MPa) hydrostatic pressure has been studied experimentally. Ring specimens of epoxy carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced plastics were tested in tension using half-disk devices. The tensile strength in the reinforcement direction increased with increase in the pressure up to 300 MPa. However, at a further increase in the pressure, this strength decreased. It was found that the failure mode of unidirectional composites depends on the magnitude of hydrostatic pressure. The failure shapes differed in the location of the failure zone and in the relative extent of longitudinal cracks in the specimens. At atmospheric pressure, the failure zone covered practically the whole volume of the specimens. With increased pressure, the failure zone became localized. At the highest pressures investigated, the failure was accompanied by the formation of a single crack across the reinforcement direction.     

A σ‐coordinate non‐hydrostatic model with embedded Boussinesq‐type‐like equations for modeling deep‐water waves

A σ‐coordinate non‐hydrostatic model, combined with the embedded Boussinesq‐type‐like equations, a reference velocity, and an adapted top‐layer control, is developed to study the evolution of deep‐water waves. The advantage of using the Boussinesq‐type‐like equations with the reference velocity is to provide an analytical‐based non‐hydrostatic pressure distribution at the top‐layer and to optimize wave dispersion property. The σ‐based non‐hydrostatic model naturally tackles the so‐called overshooting issue in the case of non‐linear steep waves. Efficiency and accuracy of this non‐hydrostatic model in terms of wave dispersion and nonlinearity are critically examined. Overall results show that the newly developed model using a few layers is capable of resolving the evolution of non‐linear deep‐water wave groups. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金属离子辅助高静压钝化树莓多酚氧化酶研究

 树莓多酚氧化酶具有较强的耐压性,在600 MPa压力下处理45 min,其残余酶活仍高达40%以上。为了进一步钝化树莓内源多酚氧化酶的活性,研究了金属离子辅助高静压对树莓多酚氧化酶钝化的影响。在树莓多酚氧化酶粗酶液中添加对酶活性有抑制、激活、无改变的金属离子,研究其辅助400、600 MPa压力处理钝化树莓多酚氧化酶的效果。发现添加金属离子后,多酚氧化酶的活性随压力增大、时间延长而降低;Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺以及Cu²⁺均有不同程度的协同高静压钝化作用,而Ca²⁺在钝化树莓多酚氧化酶时与高静压出现拮抗现象,对树莓多酚氧化酶活性无影响的Zn²⁺未出现协同/拮抗作用。     

The response of temperature and hydrostatic pressure of zinc-blende GaxIn1-xAs semiconducting alloys

<正>The electronic band structure of Ga_xIn_1-xAs alloy is calculated by using the local empirical pseudo-potential method including the effective disorder potential in the virtual crystal approximation.The compositional effect of the electronic energy band structure of this alloy is studied with composition x ranging from 0 to 1.Various physical quantities such as band gaps,bowing parameters,refractive indices,and high frequency dielectric constants of the considered alloys with different Ga concentrations are calculated.The effects of both temperature and hydrostatic pressure on the calculated quantities are studied.The obtained results are found to be in good agreement with the available experimental and published data.     

Numerical simulation of the vertical structure of discontinuous flows

A numerical method to solve the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the presence of discontinuities is outlined and discussed. The pressure is decomposed into the sum of a hydrostatic component and a hydrodynamic component. The numerical technique is based upon the classical staggered grids and semi‐implicit finite difference methods applied for quasi‐ and non‐hydrostatic flows. The advection terms in the momentum equations are approximated in order to conserve mass and momentum following the principles recently developed for the numerical simulation of shallow water flows with large gradients. Conservation of these properties is the most important aspect to represent near local discontinuities in the solution, following from sharp bottom gradients or hydraulic jumps. The model is applied to reproduce the flow over a step where a hydraulic jump forms downstream. The hydrostatic pressure assumption fails to represent this type of flow mainly because of the pressure deviation from the hydrostatic values downstream the step. Fairly accurate results are obtained from the numerical model compared with experimental data. Deviation from the data is found to be inherent to the standard k–ε model implemented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.