Crystallographic report: Crystal structure of tetra(4‐methyl‐5‐imidazole‐carboxyaldehyde)zinc(II) diperchlorate

The central zinc(II) atom in the title complex is tetrahedrally coordinated by four nitrogen atoms derived from 4‐methyl‐5‐imidazolecarboxyaldehyde ligands with Zn? N in the range 2.007(3) to 2.026(4) Å. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Schwinger Formula Revisited

We apply the formal W.K.B. method in the complex plane to the quantum field theory to obtain the Schwinger formula for spin and spinless particles; i.e., we obtain the probability that the vacuum state remains unchanged in presence of a constant electric field. Finally, from Schwinger formula we calculate the probability that n pairs are produced.     

Weak Attractive Ligand–Polymer and Related Interactions in Catalysis and Reactivity: Impact,Applications, and Modeling

The notion of weak attractive ligand–polymer interactions is introduced, and its potential application, importance, and conceptual links with “cooperative” ligand–substrate interactions are discussed. Synthetic models of weak attractive ligand–polymer interactions are described, in which intramolecular weak C? H???F? C interactions (the existence of which remains contentious) have been detected by NMR spectroscopy and neutron and X‐ray diffraction experiments. These C? H???F? C interactions carry important implications for the design of catalysts for olefin polymerization, because they provide support for the practical feasibility of ortho‐F???H_β ligand–polymer contacts proposed for living Group 4 fluorinated phenoxyimine catalysts. The notion of weak attractive noncovalent interactions between an “active” ligand and the growing polymer chain is a novel concept in polyolefin catalysis.     

Single Production of Charged Top-Pions at High Energy Linear e+e- Colliders

The dominant decay modes of charged top-pions (π±t ) are tb or ~b. We consider the single production ofcharged top-pions in association with a top quark via e+ e- annihilation and calculate the production cross section of theprocesses e+ e- → t-bπ+ (tb-π-) at the leading order. We find that it can reach 1.2 fb with reasonable parameter values.The charged top-pions may be detected via the channel tbπ± in the future high energy e+ e- colliders.     

Effect of aeration on lignin peroxidase production by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A

The effect of aeration on lignin peroxidase production by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A was studied in a bench-scale bioreactor using a previously optimized growth medium (0.65% yeast extract and 0.1% corn oil, pH7.0) at 37°C and natural pH. Airflow rates of 0.3, 1.0, and 1.5 vvm and a fixed agitation of 200 rpm were initially studied followed by 1.0 vvm and 200, 300, 400, and 500 rpm. The use of 1.0 vvm and 400 rpm increased enzyme concentration 1.8-fold (100–180 U/L) and process productivity 4.8-fold (1.4–6.7 U/[L·h]) in comparison with the use of 200 rpm and 0.3 vvm. The inexpensive corn oil, used as carbon source, besides its antifoam properties, proved to be nonrepressive for enzyme production.     

The intramolecular hydrogen bond in ortho-hydroxy acetophenones

The crystal structures of two ortho-hydroxy ketones (5-chloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone (I K) and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone (II K)) have been determined with X-ray diffraction at 100 K. A comparison of steric effects on properties of pseudoaromatic hydrogen bonds in ortho-hydroxy acetophenone and ortho-hydroxy ketimines have been carried out with the application of crystallographic data.

Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra have been measured and interpreted.     

Time-Reversed Dynamical Entropy and Irreversibility in Markovian Random Processes

A concept of time-reversed entropy per unit time is introduced in analogy with the entropy per unit time by Shannon, Kolmogorov, and Sinai. This time-reversed entropy per unit time characterizes the dynamical randomness of a stochastic process backward in time, while the standard entropy per unit time characterizes the dynamical randomness forward in time. The difference between the time-reversed and standard entropies per unit time is shown to give the entropy production of Markovian processes in nonequilibrium steady states.     

Synthesis of acetone oxime through acetone ammoximation over TS-1

The ammoximation of acetone to acetone oxime with 30 wt.% hydrogen peroxide over TS-1 has been studied. The conversion of acetone and the selectivity to acetone oxime can reach 99% and 94%, respectively. The by-products are the corresponding hydrazone, imine and small amounts of unidentified compounds. The influence of various parameters such as solvent, temperature, amounts of catalyst and the NH₃ to acetone molar ratio were investigated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

First measurement of the helicity-dependent γ p?pη differential cross-section

The helicity dependence of the γ p↦pη reaction has been measured for the first time at a center-of-mass angle θ^* _η = 70^° in the photon energy range from 780 MeV to 790 MeV. The experiment, performed at the Mainz microtron MAMI, used a 4π-detector system, a circularly polarized, tagged photon beam, and a longitudinally polarized frozen-spin target. The helicity 3/2 cross-section is found to be small and the results for helicity 1/2 agree with predictions from the MAID analysis. Received: 19 December 2002 / Accepted: 10 March 2003 / Published online: 20 May 2003