Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of two‐dimensional D‐A copolymers with conjugated side chains

Four novel two‐dimensional (2D) donor–acceptor (D‐A) type copolymers with different conjugated side chains, P1 , P2 , P3 , and P4 (see Fig. 1 ), are designed and synthesized for the application as donor materials in polymer solar cells (PSCs). To the best of our knowledge, there were few reports to systematically study such 2D polymers with D‐A type main chains in this area. The optical energy band gaps are about 2.0 eV for P1 – P3 and 1.67 eV for P4 . PSC devices using P1 – P4 as donor and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester as acceptor in a weight ratio of 1:3 were fabricated and characterized to investigate the photovoltaic properties of the polymers. Under AM 1.5 G, 100 mA/cm² illumination, a high open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.9 V was recorded for P3 ‐based device due to its low HOMO level, and moderate fill factor was obtained with the best value of 58.6% for P4 ‐based device, which may mainly be the result of the high hole mobility of the polymers (up to 1.82 × 10^?3 cm²/V s). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Clarification of vehicle cone index with reference to mean maximum pressure

The US Army developed Vehicle Cone Index (VCI) as a metric for directly quantifying the ability of vehicles to traverse soft-soil terrain. In order to ensure minimum soft-soil performance capabilities for their new military vehicles, the US Army has used VCI for many years as a performance specification. The United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defence (UK MOD) has used the Mean Maximum Pressure (MMP) parameter for many years as a performance specification. It has been demonstrated that the MMP parameter relates to soft-soil performance capabilities, and hence, the UK MOD has ensured minimum performance capabilities for their new military vehicles by using MMP specifications. Both the VCI and MMP specification approaches have served their users well, but fundamental differences in the two specification approaches have produced some misunderstandings concerning what VCI really is and how it relates to MMP. This article clarifies that VCI is a performance metric, not a set of predictive equations, explains how VCI is measured, and compares different methods of predicting VCI for one-pass performance (i.e., VCI₁) of wheeled vehicles in fat clay soils. It is further clarified that MMP should not be compared with VCI but instead with Mobility Index (MI), which is the principal parameter used by the US Army for predicting VCI. Relationships are presented for using MMP to predict VCI₁ for wheeled vehicles in clay, and the resulting relationships allow comparison between MMP and MI in terms of their ability to predict VCI. Seventy-nine VCI₁ performance measurements were used for the comparison, and they demonstrate that MI describes the historical performance data somewhat better than MMP.     

Stress Concentration in an Orthotropic Plate with a Circular Hole under Dynamic Loading

The paper sets forth a photoelastic method for the determination of the dynamic stress concentration factor near a hole in an orthotropic plate. The stress distribution at the periphery of a circular hole is analyzed. The stress concentration factors for orthotropic and isotropic plates under dynamic and statical loading are compared     

Cancellation of errors in the Higashitani-Pritchard treatment of hole pressures generated by viscoelastic liquids in creeping flow past a transverse slot

Analytical studies of the hole pressure for non-Newtonian creeping flow past a transverse slot are pursued with particular interest in the formulation of Higashitani and Pritchard (HP). To correct the flaws in the treatment of HP's original work, a modified hole-pressure relation (MHPR) is employed. Some important mathematical properties of the MHPR are presented. By studying the MHPR in streamline coordinate formulation, we find a fortuitouserror cancellation phenomenon in the derivation of the HP formula: namely, the error caused by one key flaw is fortuitously cancelled out by the error introduced through another key flaw. For second-order fluids and Tanner's viscometric model (under certain assumptions) the cancellation of errors is proved to be exact. It is this cancellation of errors that provides a theoretical explanation for the paradox between an apparently flawed derivation and the fortunate success of the HP prediction.     

压电体椭圆孔边的力学分析

基于复变函数的方法,以PZT-4材料为例,分别采用精确电边界条件和非导通电边界条件进行了远场均匀载荷作用下的横观各向同性压电体椭圆孔的力学分析并与相关结果进行对比。结果表明当椭圆孔退化为圆孔时,无论在远场作用力载荷或电载荷,两种电边界条件下的结果均能完全吻合。随着椭圆孔的愈加尖锐化,非导通电边界条件逐渐不能适用。     

Mechanics problems in application of acoustic black hole structures

声学黑洞(acoustic black hole,ABH)效应是利用薄壁结构几何参数或者材料特性参数的梯度变化,使波在结构中的传播速度逐渐减小,理想情况下波速减小至零从而不发生反射的现象.实现声学黑洞效应的主要方法是将薄板结构的厚度按照一定规律裁剪,利用声学黑洞可以将结构中传播的波动能量聚集在特定的位置.声学黑洞对波的聚集具有宽频高效、实现方法简单灵活等特点,在薄壁结构的减振降噪、能量回收等应用中具有明显的优势.本文介绍声学黑洞效应的基本原理、相关力学问题的研究进展和有待进一步探究的问题,包括声学黑洞结构的建模与分析方法、实验研究方法及进展、声学黑洞结构中波的传播与操控,以及声学黑洞在工程应用中的相关问题.     

Physically and Geometrically Nonlinear Static Problems for Thin-Walled Multiply Connected Shells

Physically and geometrically nonlinear two-dimensional problems are formulated for multiply connected thin shells (weakened by several curvilinear holes). A technique and algorithm are proposed for their solution with allowance for elastoplastic strains and finite deflections of shells under static loading. Numerical results for a shell with two circular holes are presented and the stress concentration is analyzed     

Inelastic deformation of flexible cylindrical shells with an elliptic hole

The elastoplastic state of isotropic homogeneous cylindrical shells with elliptic holes and finite deflections under internal pressure is studied. Problems are formulated and numerically solved taking into account physical and geometrical nonlinearities. The distribution of stresses (displacements, strains) along the boundary of the hole and in the zone of their concentration is analyzed. The data obtained are compared with the numerical solutions of the physically nonlinear, geometrically nonlinear, and linear problems. The stress-strain state of cylindrical shells in the neighborhood of the elliptic hole is analyzed with allowance for nonlinear factors __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 46–54, May 2007.     

布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学性能影响的研究

运用材料破坏过程分析MFPA2D系统,从细观力学和损伤力学角度,研究了布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学性能以及破坏机理的影响。在研究中,分别建立了三种含双孔、四孔以及多孔的正方形数值模型。双孔以沿试件垂直中心线重叠布置,沿试件水平中心线并列布置和沿试件对角线倾斜布置三种方式进行布孔,四孔以正方形和菱形两种布孔方式置于试件中央区域,多孔成排布置并使其相邻四孔成正方形和菱形镶嵌于试件中。然后对这三种试件分别进行了标准的单轴压缩数值试验。通过对试验结果的讨论,阐明了布孔方式对孔洞材料宏观力学行为和细观损伤机理的影响。结果表明:孔洞的相互作用既可以增强应力集中程度,也可以减弱应力集中程度;正方形布孔方式比菱形布孔方式使孔洞材料具有更高的承载能力;多孔材料的延性断裂行为是孔洞应力屏蔽作用和材料损伤局部化行为共同作用的结果。     

SINGULAR SOLUTIONS OF ANISOTROPIC PLATE WITH AN ELLIPTICAL HOLE OR A CRACK

In the present paper, closed form singular solutions for an infinite anisotropic plate with an elliptic hole or crack are derived based on the Stroh-type formalism for the general anisotropic plate. With the solutions, the hoop stresses and hoop moments around the elliptic hole as well as the stress intensity factors at the crack tip under concentrated in-plane stresses and bending moments are obtained. The singular solutions can be used for approximate analysis of an anisotropic plate weakened by a hole or a crack under concentrated forces and moments.They can also be used as fundamental solutions of boundary integral equations in BEM analysis for anisotropic plates with holes or cracks under general force and boundary conditions.