重度原油注空气低温氧化过程研究(英文)

低温氧化反应对现场燃烧(ISC)技术点火的成功有十分重要的影响.采用高压氧化管,研究了不同温度压力下,新疆克拉玛依重度原油的低温氧化过程.结果表明,温度和压力的变化对低温氧化反应的放热程度、持续时间以及气体产物有明显影响.适合油样低温氧化反应的温度和压力分别为150℃和10MPa.此外,采用纯组分替代原油族组分进行低温氧化实验,研究低温氧化反应对原油族组分(饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质、沥青质)含量的影响.结果表明,原油所含族组分中,芳香烃组分最易被氧化,其含量由氧化前的19.17%减少到12.38%(150℃)和9.51%(250℃).随着低温氧化过程的进行,结构复杂的族组分(胶质、沥青质)的含量明显增加.实验数据对油藏实施注空气技术,以及该技术现场实施条件的确定有十分重要的指导意义.     

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies for the Adsorption of Fe(III) and Ni(II) Ions From Aqueous Solution Using Natural Bentonite

In this study, the adsorption behavior of natural bentonite with respect to Fe(III) and Ni(II) has been studied in order to consider its application to purity metal finishing wastewaters. During the adsorption process, batch technique is used, and the effects of pH, bentoite amount, temperature, heavy metal concentration, bentonite treatment (calcinations of natural bentonite at 700°C, washing by deionized water to remove the excess salt from bentonite surface), and agitation time on adsorption efficiency are studied. The washed and calcined bentonite samples were labeled by WB and CB, respectively. The pH-dependence of Fe(III) and Ni(II) sorption on the bentonite is significantly more noticeable, indicating a major contribution of surface complexation at the edge sites. It was determined that adsorption of Fe(III) and Ni(II) is well fitted by the second order reaction kinetic. Furthermore, the sorption rate of Fe(III) was higher than the sorption rate of Ni(II). Adsorption of Fe(III) and Ni(II) on NB appeared to follow Langmuir isotherm. In addition, calculated and experimental adsorbed amounts of Fe(III) by the unit NB mass are very higher than Ni(II). The paper also discusses the thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption (the Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy). Our results demonstrate that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic under natural conditions. Also the adsorption capacity of bentonite for Fe(III) Ni(II) and increases with increased bentonite dose. According to the equilibrium studies, the selectivity sequence can be given as Fe(III) > Ni(II). The adsorbed amount of Fe(III) and Ni(II) on washed bentonite (WB) were very higher compared to NB and CB. Our results show that bentonite could especially WB be considered as a potential adsorbent for Fe(III) and Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions.     

Biofuels–Renewable Energy Sources: A Review

Biodiesel is biodegradable and nontoxic, and it significantly reduces toxic and other emissions when burned as a fuel. The advantages of biodiesel as diesel fuel are its portability, ready availability, renewability, higher combustion efficiency, non-toxicity, higher flash point, and lower sulfur and aromatic content, higher cetane number, and higher biodegradability. The major disadvantages of biodiesel are its higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher cloud point and pour point, higher nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility, high price, and greater engine wear. The technical disadvantages of biodiesel/fossil diesel blends include problems with fuel freezing in cold weather, reduced energy density, and degradation of fuel under storage for prolonged periods. The sources of biodiesel are vegetable oils and fats. The direct use of vegetable oils and/or oil blends is generally considered to be unsatisfactory and impractical for both direct injection and indirect type diesel engines because of their high viscosities and low volatilities injector coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, higher level of carbon deposits, oil ring sticking, and thickening and gelling of the engine lubricant oil, acid composition. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterifying triglycerides with methanol. A popular variation of the batch transesterification process which needs high alcohol/acid ratio (several separation problems and high corrosivity and toxicity) is the use of continuous stirred tank reactors in series. This continuous process is heterogeneous and is based on reactive distillation. The key factor is the selection of the right and effective solid catalyst which leads to reduction of energy consumption and investments at all.     

Comparative Study of Biosorption of Heavy Metals Using Living Green Algae Scenedesmus quadricauda and Neochloris pseudoalveolaris: Equilibrium and Kinetics

The biosorption of several heavy metals such as cobalt(II), chromium(III), lead(II), cadmium(II), nickel(II), and manganese(II) from aqueous systems on living microalgae cultures, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Neochloris pseudoalveolaris were studied under laboratories conditions. The kinetic and statistical parameters were calculated by using the data obtained from batch cultivation and well fitted a pseudo-first-order rate equation. The initial metal concentrations in solution were about 5–40 mg · L^?1. According to the pseudo-second-order model, the biosorption capacities of Scenedesmus quadricauda for Co(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II) ions were found in the ranges of 2.14–52.48, 1.98–81.98, 8.05–4.26, 7.81–24.96, 2.17–55.71, and 3.54–75.20 mg g^?1, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that the metal uptake capacity of each living green algae was rather fast. It was also observed that the biosorption kinetic rate decreased with increasing concentration for both microalgae. The application of diffusion-controlled models to the experimental results indicated that the contribution of intraparticle diffusion to the overall sorption kinetics was not very important. Results showed that Co(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II) ions could effectively be absorbed by using living microalga cultures from aqueous solutions.     

Laminar Flow Emulsification Process to Control the Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Crude Oils

The formation of heavy crude oil in water (O/W) emulsion by a low energy laminar controlled flow has been investigated. The emulsion was prepared in an eccentric cylinder mixer. Its geometry allows the existence of chaotic flows that are able to mix well highly viscous fluids. This new mixer design is used to produce high internal phase ratio emulsions for three oils: castor oil and two heavy crude oils of different initial viscosity (Zuata and Athabasca crude oils). The influence of the stirring conditions, geometrical parameters, and water volume fraction on the rheological properties of the resulting O/W emulsion is studied.     

Determination of Trace Elements in Tea and Coffee by Neutron Activation Analysis

Thermal neutron activation analysis, a high-resolution Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectrometer, and an IBM 360/67 digital computer were used to determine the concentration of Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Sb, Cs, and Hg in ground coffee and tea. This nondestructive multielement technique requires neither pre- nor postirradiation chemistry and eliminates problems of reagent contamination. The method is simple, precise and sensitive to 15 elements. Interferences from fast neutron (n, p) and (n, α) reactions are small and, if necessary, corrections may be applied easily. This technique can be applied to percolated tea and coffee.     

Pine Needles (Pinus Sylvestris) as a Bioindicator of Sulphur and Heavy Metal Deposition in the Area Around a Pulp and Paper Mill Complex at Kemi,Northern Finland

Abstract

The determination of sulphur and heavy metals in plants is an integral part of many environmental studies. Pine needles (Pinus Sylvestris) have proved to be suitable air quality indicators for pollutants, especially for sulphur. This study was carried out in the vicinity of Kemi, a town situated on the Gulf of Bothnia in northern Finland. An industrial complex comprising two pulp and paper mills is located in the centre of the area. Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris) needles were collected from 29 sampling sites. The samples were dried, homogenized and digested with nitric acid. The concentrations of the elements S, Fe, Zn, Ca, V, and Pb were determined by ICP-AES. According to our results pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) appear to be an ideal bioindicator and sampling material for identifying and assessing atmospheric sulphur pollution derived from pulp and paper mills and can complement the information provided by plant mapping studies around pulp and paper mills.     

Assessment of mobility of heavy metals in two soil types by use of column leaching experiments and chemometric evaluation of elution curves

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the mobility of heavy metals (HMs) in two types of soils (acidic forest soil and neutral agricultural soil) by leaching with calcium chloride solution in column experiments. The screening properties of neutral agricultural soil towards pollution by heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) are approximately 10 times higher than those of acid forest soil. The neutral agricultural soil, polluted artificially by one pore volume (PV) of an HMs solution of concentration 200 mg L^?1, can screen the leaching of these metals over several hundreds of years. The higher apparent desorption rate and per cent desorption of HMs (especially Cd) in acid forest soil indicated a higher potential of intensive migration of the metals across the profile and indicated potential risk of Cd pollution for this type of soil. The latest approach of artificial neural networks to describe transport of HMs in soil has been also evaluated. Using a simple three-layer perceptron topology with three hidden neurons, the experimental data could be simulated. The results suggested that the pH of soil is a major factor controlling the retention of the heavy metals in the soils.     

Synthesis,characterisation and ion exchange properties of hybrid organic–inorganic composite material: polyacrylamide zirconium (IV) iodosulphosalicylate

ABSTRACT

Contamination of groundwater by heavy metal is one of the most emerging and serious environmental problems. There are so many methods which are available to overcome these problems. Among various available methods, hybrid organic–inorganic ion exchange resin has become more popular due to certain advantages over other available conventional methods; hence, in the present proposed work, we synthesised a hybrid organic–inorganic composite material polyacrylamide zirconium (IV) iodosulphosalicylate by using the sol-gel technique. Synthesised resin was characterised by various methods like Infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis-Differential thermal analysis. Various samples of this ion exchange resin are prepared by changing the condition of synthesis, i.e. concentration of acrylamide to rationalise the ion exchange capacity of the synthesise hybrid organic–inorganic ion exchange resins. A mixture of 0.1 M potassium iodate, 0.1 M sulphosalicylic acid and 0.1 M acrylamide was added dropwise to 0.4 M zirconium oxychloride accompanied by constant stirring for 8 h using magnetic stirrer at 70°C to yield polyacrylamide zirconium (IV) iodosulphosalicylate with maximum ion exchange capacity. Ion exchange capacity of synthesised resin was determined by column method and the maximum ion exchange capacity was found for Pb(II). Determination of k_d values shows that the resin was highly selective for Pb (II).The selectivity for Pb was also evaluated by using certain binary mixture separation such as Ni (II)-Pb(II), Cu(II)-Pb(II), Cd(II)-Pb(II), Sr(II)-Pb(II), Ba(II)-Pb(II),Zn(II)-Pb(II) and Mg(II)-Pb(II).     

Cleansing contaminated seawaters using marine cyanobacteria: evaluation of trace metal removal from the medium

The use of microbial biomass in biosorption is already being studied as a potential alternative to (or combined with) conventional processes, where several algae and microorganisms have already shown promising ability to uptake metals. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are widespread organisms, with specific properties, such as high nutrient removal capacity and tolerance to highly variable conditions which make them well-suited for wastewater and remediation purposes. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the use of a marine cyanobacterium LEANCYA 21 (Synechocystis sp.), collected from the Portuguese southern border, for the removal of selected trace metals when in natural seawater culture medium. It was observed, for the first time, that this particular strain is capable of uptaking Pb, Ni and Zn (at nM levels) from seawater solutions using small amounts of biomass. Uptake values for Pb were up to 90% (0.75 mg g^?1 biomass) in 6 h. The specific biosorption curves of Ni and Zn showed that these metals follow a first order kinetics biosorption in batch conditions. Solutions containing multimetals have revealed that Ni uptake is affected by the presence of Pb and Zn. The calculated specific absorption values were high enough to predict a possible application in aquaculture where such low levels of metals may inhibit microalgae growth.