Quantification of trace elements in human serum fractions by liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

On‐line coupling of LC and ICP‐MS has been used for fractionation and detection of species of Cu, Fe, I, Se and Zn in human serum. It has been shown that anion exchange chromatography provided better separation capability (both intra‐ and inter‐element) than size‐exclusion chromatography. The mobile phases for ion exchange chromatography consisted of Tris–HNO₃ buffer and ammonium salt (nitrate, acetate or formate). Formate was found to be the best mobile phase counter ion, enabling good chromatographic separation, and is acceptable for mass spectrometry too. The quantitative evaluation of element concentrations adhering to individual fractions was performed by the peak area normalization method. The repeatability of results ranged from 3 to 15% (depending on the element concentration level) and represented the main part of the result uncertainty. The accuracy of Cu and Zn fraction determinations was confirmed by comparison with the isotope dilution technique. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of laminar plasma remelting/cladding processing

Investigation of remelting and cladding processing with laminar plasma jets on several metals has been conducted looking for possible development of a new surface modification technique. The remelting tests illustrated that the new method could evidently improve the material microstructure and properties of cast iron. The cladding was done with Al₂O₃ ceramic powder on stainless steel. The energy dispersive spectra (EDS) analysis was used to determine the distribution of the major cladding element in the plasma-processed layers, for which the microstructure observations and hardness measurements were also performed.     

喷气式Z箍缩等离子体辐射软X射线能谱的研究

研制了一台五通道ROSS-FILTER-PIN软X射线能谱仪，能谱范围为0.28—1.56keV.它由5个连续能段组成，每个能段的起止边由罗斯滤片对(ROSS-FILTERS)的L或K吸收边确定.罗斯滤片对的厚度通过优化计算得到，为了使每个通道的灵敏区外响应(即所测能段外响应)与通道总响应之比最小，在滤片对的第二滤片上镀上了一定厚度的第一滤片材料；为了缩减滤片表面积以增强低能滤片的抗冲击能力及方便滤片加工，能谱仪采用了小探测面积的PIN探测器(1mm²).借助此能谱仪，测量得到了喷气式Z箍缩(Z-pinch)等离子体辐射软X射线能谱的分布，并研究了软X射线产额随箍缩状况的变化趋势. 关键词： Z箍缩等离子体 罗斯滤片 软X射线能谱     

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介绍了在神光Ⅱ装置上开展的长脉冲2ns三倍频激光与黑腔靶相互作用的实验。报道了采用PIN探测器阵列测量大角度受激Raman散射（SRS）角分布和采用激光卡计对背向SRS光能量积分测量的实验结果。相同实验条件下激光辐照缝靶产生的SRS光能量要强于激光与全腔靶作用产生的SRS光，小腔靶的SRS光能量要强于标准腔靶。对比长脉冲2ns及短脉冲1ns激光打靶实验结果可以看出：由于激光功率密度的下降，长脉冲激光打靶时SRS散射光能量要弱于短脉冲激光打靶。长脉冲2ns激光与标准腔靶相互作用时，等离子体堵腔比较严重。     

On diquark clustering in quark—gluon plasma

The possibility that pairs of quarks will form diquark clusters in the regime above deconfinement transition for hadron matter at finite density is revisited. Here we present the results on the diquark-diquark (dq-dq) interaction in the framework of constituent quark model taking account of spin, isospin and color degrees of freedom in the spirit of generalized Pauli principle. By constructing the appropriate spin and color states of the dq-dq clusters we compute the expectation values of the interaction Hamiltonian involving pairwise quark—quark interaction. We find that the effective interaction between two diquark clusters is quite sensitive to different configurations characterized by color and spin states, obtained after the coupling of two diquark states. The value of the coupling parameter for a particular color—spin state, i.e., -3, 1 is compared to the one obtained earlier by Donoghue and Sateesh,Phys. Rev. D38, 360 (1988) based on the effective Φ⁴-theory. This new value of λ derived for different color-spin dq-dq states, may lead to several important implications in the studies of diquark star and diquark gas.     

Numerical simulation of the spatiotemporal evolution of a nanoparticle–plasma system

A one-dimensional nanodusty plasma was modeled by self-consistently coupling a plasma model with nanoparticle growth, charging, and transport models. As nanoparticles grow from subnanometer to tens of nm in diameter, the numerical results predict a rich spatiotemporal structure, including four distinct temporal phases: a charge-limited phase, a charge accumulation phase, an early ion drag phase, and a sheath interaction phase.     

影响DPF焦点装置中子稳定性的因素和改进措施

简要叙述了稠密等离子体聚焦装置作为中子发生器的工作原理，对影响稠密等离子体聚焦装置放电出中子产额及其稳定性的一些因素和改进措施进行了简单讨论．通过使用不同电极形状的场畸变开关很好地提高了焦点装置的运行，使装置输出中子的起伏得到明显的改善．通过对腔内电极的清洁，在不更换气体的条件下，聚焦装置放电出中子产额稳定.The principle of dense plasma focus(DPF) as neutron generator has been investigated in this paper. We have stated briefly some factors that mainly influnce the DPF s neutron yield and some methods improving the stability of neutron yields on the dense plasma focus. It is showed that the fluctuation of DPF output neutron becomes smaller by using different types of field-distortion elements. Over 100 consecutive shots without purging the test gas the neutron yields has no obvious change.     

Search for deconfinement in NA49 at the CERN SPS

Experiment NA49 at the CERN SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A⋅GeV beam energy shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.     

Solid phase extraction for analysis of biogenic carbonates by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS): an investigation of rare earth element signatures in otolith microchemistry

Uptake of trace elements into fish otoliths is governed by several factors such as life histories and environment in addition to stock and species differences. In an attempt to elucidate the elemental signatures of rare earth elements (REEs) in otoliths, a solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol was used in combination with electrothermal vaporization (ETV) as a sample introduction procedure for the determinations by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Effects of various parameters, such as carrier gas flow rate, atomization temperature and chemical modification, were examined for optimization of the conditions by ETV-ICP-MS. Atomization was achieved at 2800 °C. Lower temperatures (i.e. 2600 °C) resulted in severe memory problems due to incomplete atomization. Palladium was used as a chemical modifier. It was found that an increase in Pd concentration up to 0.5 μg in the injection volume (70 μl) led up to four-fold enhancement in the integrated signals. This phenomenon is attributed to the carrier effect of Pd rather than the stabilization since no significant losses were observed for high temperature drying around 700 °C even in the absence of Pd. Preconcentration was performed on-line at pH 5 by using a mini-column of Toyopearl AF-Chelate 650M chelating resin, which also eliminated the calcium matrix of otolith solutions. After preconcentration of 6.4 ml of solution, the concentrate was collected in 0.65 ml of 0.5% (v/v) HNO₃ in autosampler cups, and then analyzed by ETV-ICP-MS. The method was validated with the analysis of a fish otolith certified reference material (CRM) of emperor snapper, and then applied to samples. Results obtained from otoliths of fish captured in the same habitat indicated that otolith rare earth element concentrations are more dependent on environmental conditions of the habitat than on species differences.     

Application of Pulsed Traveling Hydrogen Arcs for Metal Oxide Reduction

A plasma reactor that has a transient traveling arc has been used to study hydrogen in relation to in-flight reduction of metal oxide particles. Experiments were done to determine the nature of the arc and its interaction with the reactor gas. The lifetime of the excited atomic hydrogen was measured and it was found to be more than 4 ms after the arc had ceased. Powders and tablets of oxides were exposed to the pulsed-arc treated hydrogen and found to react much more rapidly and intensely than when exposed to hot molecular hydrogen. The results suggest that atomic hydrogen will exist throughout the volume of such a reactor for a period that is sufficient to reduce particles of FeO, Cr₂O₃, and TiO₂.