Speckle interferometry for measurement of continuous deformations

Improvements of a method for measurement of continuous displacements and deformations with digital phase shifting speckle pattern interferometry are presented. The method is based on an algorithm that, with the knowledge of the initial phase, only needs one image at a time to evaluate continuos phase changes due to object deformations. In the improved method, the initial random phase of the speckle pattern is evaluated using a number of phase-shifted images before the deformation under study. This is used for increasing the accuracy of the initial phase estimation and reducing influences from image noise and other measurement disturbances. The phase-shifted speckle patterns are used as references for comparison with the speckle patterns of the deformed object, thereby increasing the reliability and accuracy of the phase estimations of the deformed patterns. The technique can be used for measuring deformations such as transients and other dynamic events, heat expansion as well as other phenomena where it is difficult to accomplish phase shifting during deformation.     

Contrast and sensitivity of the vibration fringes in time-averaged electronic speckle-pattern interferometry: effect of variations of force level

The time averaged frame subtraction technique is improved by subtracting two Bessel fringe patterns at two different force levels. The technique enables significant enhancement of fringe contrast and increased measurement sensitivity. The contrast and sensitivity of the fringes obtained at different force ratios are investigated. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented.     

用特征多项式构造相移干涉相位提取算式

用相移干涉术测量物体表面形貌时，各种误差因素特别是相移器移相误差的影响使得表面形貌的测量偏离了实际值，甚至会产生形貌失真的现象。采用傅里叶分析的方法对相位提取算式作了理论分析，并根据特征多项式设计分析理论构造了新的、对移相误差不敏感的相位提取算式。经实验验证，该算法有效地提高了相移干涉仪测量表面形貌的Ra值，重复测量精度达5倍以上，使测量结果更接近实际值。     

Precession and Interference in the Aharonov–Casher and Scalar Aharonov–Bohm Effects

The ideal scalar Aharonov–Bohm (SAB) and Aharonov–Casher (AC) effect involve a magnetic dipole pointing in a certain fixed direction: along a purely time dependent magnetic field in the SAB case and perpendicular to a planar static electric field in the AC case. We extend these effects to arbitrary direction of the magnetic dipole. The precise conditions for having nondispersive precession and interference effects in these generalized set ups are delineated both classically and quantally. Under these conditions the dipole is affected by a nonvanishing torque that causes pure precession around the directions defined by the ideal set ups. It is shown that the precession angles are in the quantal case linearly related to the ideal phase differences, and that the nonideal phase differences are nonlinearly related to the ideal phase differences. It is argued that the latter nonlinearity is due to the appearance of a geometric phase associated with the nontrivial spin path. It is further demonstrated that the spatial force vanishes in all cases except in the classical treatment of the nonideal AC set up, where the occurring force has to be compensated by the experimental arrangement. Finally, for a closed space-time loop the local precession effects can be inferred from the interference pattern characterized by the nonideal phase differences and the visibilities. It is argued that this makes it natural to regard SAB and AC as essentially local and nontopological effects.     

Interferometry with entangled atoms

A quantum gravity-gradiometer consists of two spatially separated ensembles of atoms interrogated by pulses of a common laser beam. The laser pulses cause the probability amplitudes of atomic ground-state hyperfine levels to interfere, producing two, motion-sensitive, phase shifts, which allow the measurement of the average acceleration of each ensemble, and, via simple differencing, of the acceleration gradient. Here we propose entangling the quantum states of atoms from the two ensembles prior to the pulse sequence, and show that entanglement encodes their relative acceleration in a single interference phase which can be measured directly, with no need for differencing. Received 6 June 2002 / Received in final form 25 October 2002 Published online 28 January 2003     

An experiment to test the reality of de Broglie waves

A second-order interferometric experiment in which de Broglie waves pass through a set of beamsplitters and progressively lose intensity, leading to a decrease in the visibility, is presented. On the contrary, since the intensity reduction is the same in the two overlapping waves, quantum mechanics predicts a constant visibility.     

高精度全息干涉计量—相移技术的应用

本文介绍了一种精确的全息干涉相位测量系统。采用双曝光、双参考光束,并引入相移技术,能够同时获得全场256×256个点的相位变化值;相位测量的重复性优于2％,全场处理时间少于2分钟。     

等离子体全息干涉条纹的数据处理

本文介绍了用全息干涉法诊断爆炸丝等离子体的数据处理方法。在考虑等离子体区域为轴对称的情况下,给出了由折射率计算等离子体电子密度的计算公式。在爆炸丝能量为9.6J的情况下,拍摄到了延时3μs的爆炸丝等离子体干涉图。运用计算机图象处理技术对反拍后的干涉图进行了处理,获得了较为理想的干涉图。用微机控制的线阵CCD摄像机判读了干涉条纹漂移。给出了等离子体密度随径向分布的曲线,并得到相应的等离子体密度在中心处约为10¹⁶个/cm³。     

Real-time visualisation of deformation fields using speckle interferometry and temporal phase unwrapping

A real-time system for analysing data from speckle interferometers, and speckle shearing interferometers, has been developed. Interferograms are continuously recorded by a digital camera at a rate of 60 frames s⁻¹ with temporal phase shifting carried out at the same rate. The images are analysed using a pipeline image processor. With a standard 4-frame phase-shifting algorithm (phase steps of π/2), wrapped phase maps are calculated and displayed at 15 frames s⁻¹. These are unwrapped using a temporal phase unwrapping algorithm to provide a real-time colour-coded display of the relevant displacement component. Each camera pixel (or cluster of pixels) behaves in effect as an independent displacement sensor. The reference speckle interferogram is updated automatically at regular user-defined intervals, allowing arbitrarily large deformations to be measured and errors due to speckle decorrelation to be minimised. The system has been applied to the problem of detecting sub-surface delamination cracks in carbon fibre composite panels.