Determination of Anionic Surfactants in Water

The use of ternary complexes in the determination of anionic surfactants has been investigated and an analytical method using linear alkyl sulfonates as a test substance has been developed. The method involves the formation of the chloroform-extractable bisphenanthroline Cu(II)-linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS) complex and the subsequent equilibration of the extract with erythrosine to form the extractable bisphenanthroline Cu(II)-erythrosine complex. In the equilibration step erythrosine displaces LAS quantitatively, allowing the determination of the LAS originally present by measuring the absorbance of the extracted bisphenanthroline-Cu(II)-erythrosine complex. Results are reported of studies made to determine the optimum analytical conditions, the sensitivity, and the precision for the method described.     

Polymers Derived from 4-Substituted Salicylic Acids as Antifungal Agents

4-Amino-, chloro-, and bromo-substituted salicylic acid-formaldehyde polymers and their metal chelates were screened for their antifungal activity. Various copolymers prepared from 4-chloro-(bromo)salicylic acid, formaldehyde, and other comonomers were also screened for their antifungal activity. All these polymers, copolymers, and polychelates were found active against several fungi Their fungicidal activities are compared with those of the corresponding monomers and monomeric chelates.     

Efficient and Green Method for the Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine and Quinoxaline Derivatives in Water

Various 1,5‐benzodiazepine and quinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized in water with excellent yields using a catalytic amount of indium chloride at room temperature. This synthetic protocol is nontoxic, safe, and environmentally benign.     

Simplified Approach to the Uncatalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation and Michael Addition Reactions in Water using Microwave Irradiation

Use of microwave irradiation in the synthesis of arylidenemalononitrile and benzopyran derivatives in water without catalyst is a clean method with high yield.     

Water‐in‐Crude Oil Emulsions in the Burgan Oilfield: Effects of Oil Aromaticity,Resins to Asphaltenes Content (R/(R+A)), and Water pH

Asphaltenes and resins separated from emulsion samples collected from Burgan oil field were used with heptane‐toluene mixtures as model oil to study the effect of oil aromaticity, resin content, and pH of the aqueous phase on the stability of water in model emulsions. It was confirmed that, as long as the asphaltenes are completely solubilized, increasing aromaticity leads to less stable emulsions. A consistent correlation between emulsion stability and relative resin mass content (R/(R+A)) was observed for all three of the field samples. There was a sharp decrease in stability when the R/(R+A) value exceeded 0.75. Emulsion stability was enhanced at high pH and possibly at very low pH (<2).     

Micellization of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Glycerol Aqueous Mixtures

The effect of glycerol on both micellar formation and the structural evolution of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) aggregates in the context of the action mechanism of the cosolvent has been studied. The critical micelle concentration and the degree of counterion dissociation of the surfactant over a temperature range from 20°C to 40°C were obtained by the conductance method. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization were estimated by using the equilibrium model of micelle formation. The analysis of these parameters indicated that the lower aggregation of the surfactant is mainly due to a minor cohesive energy of the mixed solvent system in relation to the pure water. The effect of glycerol on the mean aggregation number of the micelles of SDS was analyzed by the static quenching method. It was found that the aggregation number decreased with the glycerol content. This reduction in the micellar size seems to be controlled by an increase in the surface area per headgroup, which was ascribed to a participation of glycerol in the micellar solvation layer. Studies on the micropolarity of the aggregates, as sensed by the probe pyrene, indicated that this microenvironmental parameter is almost unaffected by the presence of glycerol in the mixture. However, an increase in the micellar microviscosity at the surface region was observed from the photophysical behavior of two different probes, rhodamine B and auramine O. These results suggest a certain interaction of the cosolvent in the micellar solvation of SDS micelles.     

Adsorption Mechanism of Comb Polymer Dispersants at the Cement/Water Interface

Comb polymers are commonly used as dispersants to stabilize highly concentrated cement suspensions. The effectiveness of such polymeric additives to stabilize these suspensions is determined to a large extent by the amount adsorbed. In this study we investigated the adsorption characteristics of various comb dispersant containing different graft densities on surfaces of cement particle. The effect of inorganic salts on their adsorption was also examined in order to elucidate their adsorption mechanism. The results show that the adsorption of comb polymer dispersants on cement surface conforms approximately to Langmuir's adsorption isotherm and the characteristic plateau A _s and adsorption free energy ΔG_ads are largely dependent on the anionic group content of the comb polymers. The A _s and ΔG_ads increase with increasing anionic group content. This information suggests that the adsorption of comb polymers on cement surfaces is dominated by electrostatic interaction between COO-groups on the comb polymers and the positive surface of the cement. This conclusion is supported by effects of inorganics such as calcium and sulfate ions, and diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. The implication of results for tuning polymers for the required performance in cement manufacture should be noted.     

火力发电厂废水中悬浮物处理的影响因素探讨

对火力发电厂废水中悬浮物处理的影响因素如pH值、水温、接触介质、进水水质、混凝剂加入量等进行分析，对主要影响因素水温和混凝剂加入量进行了试验分析，制定出废水悬浮物处理的合理方案。     

过渡金属电催化剂在硅基光阳极分解水产氧中的作用

光电化学分解水可将太阳能转换为绿色的氢能,为目前的能源危机和环境问题提供了一种理想的解决方案.在分解水反应中,涉及四空穴过程的产氧半反应是制约性能的关键步骤,往往需要在半导体表面沉积电催化剂以加速产氧反应动力学.因此,全面理解电催化剂在光电化学分解水体系中的作用至关重要.在目前的产氧电催化剂中,过渡金属羟基氧化物电催化剂(MOOH,M=Fe,Co,Ni)因其环保、廉价、高效以及稳定的特性,已被广泛用于半导体光阳极分解水器件中.而且,MOOH可用简单的电沉积方法沉积在光电极表面,易于大面积制备.然而,电沉积法制备的MOOH具有复杂的结构,对其作用机制的全面理解更加困难.因此,本文以电沉积MOOH修饰的硅基光阳极(n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/Fe/FeOx/MOOH)作为模型,研究了不同电催化剂对硅光阳极光电化学产氧性能的影响.实验发现电催化剂的界面优化在电催化剂修饰的光电极中发挥着重要作用,这是因为优化的界面可以提升界面电荷传输,提供更多的催化反应活性位点以及更高的本征催化活性,从而更有利于光解水性能的提升.该项研究揭示了电催化剂在光解水器件中的作用,并为今后高效光解水器件的设计提供了一定指导.首先在多晶n⁺p-Si基底上热蒸镀了一层30 nm的金属Fe膜,并通过电化学活化将Fe膜表面转换为FeOx得到Fe/FeOx(记作aFe)界面层,然后利用电沉积方法制备MOOH表面修饰层,最终得到n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe:MOOH光阳极.X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱以及扫描电子显微镜表面元素成像的表征结果均证实电极表面由于界面层金属Fe元素的掺杂而形成了Fe1-xNixOOH.在模拟太阳光下用于光解水产氧时,n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe:NiOOH电极的起始电位为~1.01 VRHE(相对于可逆氢电极的电势),在1.23 VRHE下的光电流为38.82 mA cm^-2,显著优于n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe、n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe:FeOOH以及n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe:CoOOH三个对比样品,且其稳定性达到75 h.另外,我们发现n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe:MOOH电极的光电化学产氧性能均显著高于n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe电极,且p++-Si/SiO_x/aFe:MOOH的电催化产氧性能也高于p++-Si/SiO_x/MOOH,不仅证明了aFe界面层对Si与MOOH层之间的界面接触作用的有效调控,而且表明双电催化剂体系(aFe:MOOH)的电催化产氧活性高于单电催化剂(MOOH).热力学分析表明,n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe:MOOH光阳极的光电压大小与其光解水产氧性能并不一致,从而排除了热力学因素对性能的关键影响.进一步从塔菲尔斜率、电化学活性表面积和电化学阻抗谱对各电极的动力学进行了分析,证明了动力学因素在上述光阳极产氧性能中的主导作用.同时发现,由于aFe:NiOOH双电催化剂具有更高的本征电催化产氧性能,提供了更多的表面活性位点以及更有效地促进了光生载流子的传输,对动力学的提升效果更显著,从而使n⁺p-Si/SiO_x/aFe:NiOOH光阳极表现出最高的光解水产氧性能.     

顺序注射环定量光度法在线测定水中总铁

选用邻菲啰啉作为显色剂,采用顺序注射环定量(SIA)光度法,结合一整套系统的PLC程序,成功建立了测定水中总铁的新方法.实验过程中对各条件进行了优化,在最优条件下,体系的检测范围为0～10 mg/L,线性回归方程为A=0.0995c+0.0421(c:mg/L,n=8),相关系数r为0.999 6,方法检出限为0.02 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.3%(0.50 mg/L,n=11)和1.7%(2.00 mg/L,n=11),实际水样的加标回收率为97.1%～102.0%.