暗物质问题简介

暗物质的属性问题是当代物理学面临的一大挑战.文章简要回顾了暗物质的发现历史,已有的暗物质观测证据和粒子物理中的暗物质候选者以及暗物质丰度起源相关理论,还介绍了近年来暗物质的空间间接探测和地下直接探测及其在理论上研究的新进展.     

电场极化方向对自由空间电场测量的影响

介绍了自主研制的脉冲电场原始波形测量系统的模块组成与基本工作原理。针对在未知被测电场方向及复杂的电场环境下垂直干扰电场对自由空间电场测量产生的影响,通过建立自由空间电场测量系统前端的简化模型,对不同尺寸天线与屏蔽盒进行仿真计算。仿真计算结果与理论分析基本一致,结果表明：干扰电场响应信号与待测电场响应信号相差2个数量级以上,干扰电场的影响可忽略不计。     

聚焦部分相干涡旋光束作用于不同折射率瑞利粒子上的辐射力

使用聚焦部分相干高斯谢尔涡旋光束,对不同折射率的瑞利粒子的辐射力做了分析,着重研究了相关长度和束腰宽度对辐射力和俘获稳定性的影响。结果表明：相关长度和束腰宽度分别存在临界值,相干长度小于等于其临界值或束腰宽度大于等于其临界值时,可利用其俘获相对折射率大于1的微粒;而在相关长度大于其临界值或束腰宽度小于其临界值时,可利用其俘获相对折射率小于1的微粒。对俘获稳定性的分析表明,需选择适当的相关长度和束腰宽度才能稳定俘获瑞利粒子。     

平顶光束和平顶涡旋光束对金属瑞利粒子的光学俘获

使用聚焦平顶光束和平顶涡旋光束,以金为例,对金属瑞利粒子辐射力和俘获稳定性进行了分析,着重研究了拓扑电荷和光束阶数对辐射力的影响。结果表明,随着拓扑电荷和光束阶数的增大,最大光强和辐射力随之减小;平顶光束可以俘获金瑞利粒子,俘获微粒的牢固性和俘获范围随着光束阶数增大而减小,而平顶涡旋光束的梯度力不能作为回复力,因此不能俘获。最后,还讨论了不同光强分布下,俘获金属瑞利粒子时复介电常数需满足的必要条件。     

Zr粉粒径对Zr/KClO4烟火剂燃烧特性的影响

研究了烟火药激光器泵浦源传统配方Zr/KClO4中Zr粉粒径对该配方燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：Zr粉从61.375 μm减小到18.675 μm,Zr/KClO4混合物的点火温度从506.40 ℃降低到492.42 ℃,燃烧辐射脉宽由60 ms缩短到25 ms,峰值辐射强度增加1倍;在 200～1 100 nm波段内,随着Zr粉粒径的减小,可见光区内的辐射能所占的比例增强;针对掺钕激光介质的泵浦而言,Zr粉粒径为800目时,分布在激光介质的3个主要泵浦带内的辐射能最高,而且闪光脉宽最短。因此,在其它条件相同时,选择颗粒尺寸小的Zr粉有利于获得高的激光输出。     

图形处理器并行计算用于离子发动机粒子模拟

为了研究离子发动机羽流对航天器的影响,采用质点网格-蒙特卡罗碰撞方法对离子发动机羽流中的交换电荷离子进行了模拟。利用计算设备统一架构技术,开发出一套基于图形处理器的并行粒子模拟程序。随机数生成采用并行MT19937伪随机数生成器算法,电场方程使用完全近似存储格式的代数多重网格法求解。r-z轴对称坐标系中,在z=0 m处获得的电流密度均值为4.5×10-5 A/m2,图形处理器所得结果与中央处理器模拟结果吻合。在16核心的NVIDIA GeForce 9400 GT图形显示卡上,取得相对于Intel Core 2 E6300中央处理器4.5~10.0倍的加速比。     

Three‐dimensional wave impact on a rigid structure using smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Navier–Stokes computations of a wave–structure interaction are performed with the aim of assessing the potential of smoothed particle hydrodynamics to accurately estimate impact loading time history. A three‐dimensional dam‐break flow with a rectangular column located downstream is considered. The net force and impulse exerted on the column is monitored throughout the simulation with the results correlating well with existing experimental data. Initial and boundary conditions and numerical parameters are varied and their effect on the column load investigated. The column load is found to be most sensitive to the choice of boundary treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and characterization of Cu (II) supported on poly(8‐hydroxyquinoline‐p‐styrene sulphonate) and its application as catalyst for the synthesis of hexahydroquinolines

Cu ( II ) supported on poly(8‐hydroxyquinoline‐p‐styrenesulfonate) (Cu ( II )@PHQSS) was prepared and fully characterized by the different techniques including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal gravimetric (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDS). Afterward, the Cu ( II )@PHQSS as nanostructured catalyst was used as catalyst for the synthesis of hexahydroquinolines.     

Dust modelling using a combined CFD and discrete element formulation

The production and dispersal of airborne dust is an important issue in both environmental and industrial contexts. Dust pollution is a major environmental concern, and long exposure in occupational settings has been linked with numerous respiratory health issues. Industrial dust pollution can also present a significant explosion hazard, even in facilities with dust extraction systems. Computational models for dust generation and dispersal have, however, generally been formulated for specific geophysical applications and restricted to static, two‐dimensional, approaches. Here, we present a method for simulating dust production from a dynamic granular bed by using a three‐dimensional coupled discrete element method and Navier–Stokes computational model. Dust production is based on an energy formulation in which micro‐scale dust particles are assumed to overcome cohesion to macro‐scale grains. This model is used over the entire range of energies present within the system, from macro‐scale collisions to aerodynamic entrainment and bombardment of micro‐scale particles. The dust concentration is modelled as a scalar density field, which is advected and diffused through turbulence in the gas flow field. The model is tested against empirical predictions for two test cases, a slug of granular material dropped from a set height and air flow over a granular stockpile. Both give good agreement to the empirical relations, showing that the model can accurately predict the production and subsequent dispersal of dust from a dynamic granular bed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.